Filosofía Sociología y Economía-Pregrado

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://dspace-test.ucuenca.edu.ec/handle/123456789/125

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Análisis existenciario heideggeriano en las películas American Beauty y Lost in Translation
(Universidad de Cuenca. Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación, 2025-11-05) Dumas Cabrera, Camila Marcela; Solano Ortiz, César Augusto
This thesis analyzes, from an existential philosophical perspective, how Martin Heidegger’s notion of Dasein’s authenticity can be interpreted and applied in contemporary contexts through film analysis. Drawing from the fundamental categories in Being and Time, it explores human experiences of meaning-seeking, anxiety, self-evasion, and the possibility of appropriating one’s own existence. To this end, two representative films are examined: American Beauty and Lost in Translation, in which the existential experiences of the protagonists are articulated with the conditions of authentic or inauthentic existence described by Heidegger. The research shows that these films, far from being mere fictional narratives, serve as philosophical spaces that allow for a critical reflection on contemporary modes of being. The analysis highlights that authenticity is not a fixed state or abstract ideal, but a fragile possibility that demands decision, openness, and confrontation with nothingness. Thus, cinema becomes a valid tool for philosophically questioning our existence, revealing the hermeneutic character of all understanding of being.
Entre lo siniestro y el terror: un análisis filosófico de “Poor things” desde Trías y Carroll
(Universidad de Cuenca. Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación, 2025-10-28) Ramos Pesantez, Carla Emilia; Vintimilla Jarrín, María Clara; Solano Ortiz, César Augusto
This research offers a philosophical analysis of the film Poor Things (2023), directed by Yorgos Lanthimos, through the aesthetic categories of the beautiful and the uncanny developed by Eugenio Trías, in dialogue with Noël Carroll’s philosophy of horror. The study explores how the film subverts classical ideals of beauty by integrating the grotesque, the chaotic, and the imperfect as central elements of a contemporary aesthetic. The character of Bella Baxter functions as a threshold between the disturbing and the sublime, revealing the aesthetic power of the uncanny. From Carroll’s perspective, the monstrous does not negate meaning but rather transforms it, producing an emotionally ambivalent response that Trías also identifies as essential to beauty. Additionally, the research examines the ethical and moral implications that emerge in the narrative, particularly through transgressive characters such as Wedderburn and Godwin Baxter, whose actions challenge established norms. Thus, this analysis opens a critical dialogue between aesthetics, ethics, and the human condition in contemporary cinema.
El orden explicador y su relación con la desigualdad: Análisis crítico a la obra de “El maestro ignorante”
(Universidad de Cuenca. Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación, 2025-10-23) Ordoñez Sevilla, Lisandro Jesús; Peralta Ayora, Paula Cristina; Palacios Cordero, Mireya del Pilar
This monograph analyzes how the explanatory order, according to Jacques Rancière’s ideas in “The Ignorant Schoolmaster”, contributes to reproducing inequalities in contemporary educational and social practices. Based on a critical review of traditional pedagogy and the theory of the equality of intelligences, it examines how explanation, understood as a hierarchical mediation, limits the autonomous appropriation of knowledge and reinforces symbolic barriers that exclude non-institutionalized forms of knowing. The work develops three main axes: the restriction of access to legitimized knowledge, the denial of the equality of intelligences and its impact on epistemic subjectivity, and the alternatives for resignifying explanation as an emancipatory practice. The study draws on authors such as Illich, hooks, Biesta, Bourdieu, and Mezirow to contrast perspectives and deepen the critical reading of Rancière. It concludes that dismantling the explanatory order implies recognizing the capacity of all subjects to produce and verify knowledge collectively, displacing the dependence on the teacher as the sole guarantor. Thus, it argues that explanation can be transformed into a horizontal space of dialogue that democratizes knowledge and promotes educational and social equality. This reflection offers tools to rethink pedagogical practices towards more just and inclusive approaches.
Discursos y prácticas racistas en las experiencias de vida de los estudiantes de la Universidad de Cuenca
(Universidad de Cuenca. Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación, 2025-10-27) Ordoñez Illescas, Adriana Estefania; Sánchez Gordillo, Doris Vanessa; Japón Gualán, Ángel Rodrigo
Research related to racist discourses and practices in higher education is scarce. Racism is a pervasive phenomenon in Ecuadorian society, and even more so in university settings. It is important to combat these practices, which negatively affect students' retention and academic performance. This study was conducted at the University of Cuenca during the 2024-2025 academic year. The objective of this study was to analyze racist discourses and practices in students' life experiences. The study is descriptive in scope. The study method used was qualitative (social mapping) and quantitative (survey). The survey technique involved a sample of 820 students, who participated in an online and offline survey. The findings reveal that, although institutional policies aimed at combating discrimination exist, discriminatory practices persist both explicitly and implicitly. It concludes with the need to address racism in higher education and the urgency of strengthening institutional policies to address racist practices, thereby ensuring the comprehensive development of students, thus contributing to building a university free from violence and discrimination.
Discursos y prácticas racistas en las experiencias de los estudiantes de la Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de Cuenca
(Universidad de Cuenca. Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación, 2025-10-27) Gómez Ordóñez, María Mercedes; Tuapante Veletanga, Evelyn Dayanna; Japón Gualán, Ángel Rodrigo
This study is part of the research project “Racist Discourses and Practices in the Life Experiences of the Educational Community at the University of Cuenca” and seeks to examine how racism manifests among students in the Faculty of Philosophy, Literature, and Educational Sciences. The research adopts a qualitative-quantitative approach with a descriptive scope. Data collection was carried out through surveys and social cartography, allowing students to share their testimonies and perspectives on the concept and lived realities of racism.The findings indicate the existence of both subtle and overt forms of racial discrimination affecting Afro-descendant students, Indigenous peoples, and migrant students. These manifestations of racism are reflected in experiences of exclusion, silencing, and symbolic violence. Although institutional frameworks promoting equality and non discrimination are in place, the study reveals limited awareness of such policies and weak enforcement mechanisms for prevention and reporting.The study concludes that racism remains a persistent issue within the university. Consequently, there is an urgent need to implement critically reflective processes, faculty development programs, and comprehensive institutional policies that address ethnic and cultural diversity as transversal axes for fostering inclusive coexistence and advancing the goals of higher education.
Discursos y prácticas racistas en las experiencias de vida de los docentes de la Universidad de Cuenca
(Universidad de Cuenca. Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación, 2025-10-23) Marquez Pacheco, Karen Leonor; Ochoa Mendieta, Ana Cristina; Japón Gualán, Ángel Rodrigo
This research, conducted at the University of Cuenca, aimed to analyze the racist discourses and practices present in the life experiences of teachers. It sought to shed light on how racism, both explicit and implicit, manifests itself in the academic environment, affecting faculty coexistence, professional development, and sense of belonging. A mixed-methodological approach was adopted. In the qualitative phase, social mapping was applied, using graphic representations to understand the relationship between people and their environment, including social, cultural, economic, and other aspects. In the quantitative phase, a survey was used, which allowed for the identification of general trends and perceptions about racial discrimination within the institution. The results showed that racism persists in the university environment through offensive comments, symbolic exclusions, epistemic devaluation, and the lack of effective reporting mechanism. It was also found that these practices significantly affect the emotional health and career trajectories of racialized teachers. The conclusion was reached that it is necessary to implement inclusive institutional policies, anti-racist training programs, and a critical review of the curriculum. Ultimately, this research contributed to raising awareness about the dynamics of exclusion in higher education and offered courses of action to transform the university into a more equitable and diverse space.
Análisis de la categoría de la benevolencia en las películas de “Patch Adams” y “Pay It Forward” desde la filosofía de Martin Buber
(Universidad de Cuenca. Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación, 2025-10-23) Calle Sarmiento, Josseline Guadalupe; Cuvi Brito, Lilibeth del Cisne; Solano Ortiz, César Augusto
This research paper examines the category of benevolence in the films Patch Adams (1998) and Pay It Forward (2000) through Martin Buber's philosophical perspective. Using qualitative analysis, it explores how these cinematic works portray benevolence as an ethical practice grounded in authentic relationships (I-You), contrasting with instrumental interactions (I-It). Patch Adams demonstrates the humanization of medicine through therapeutic humor, empathy, and genuine patient encounters, challenging traditional medical paradigms. Meanwhile, Pay It Forward illustrates the transformative power of selfless acts in creating networks of social reciprocity. The study reveals that Buberian benevolence transcends mere charity by recognizing the other as an end in themselves. This ethical approach fosters significant individual and collective transformations, showing how authentic relationships can reshape rigid social structures. The analysis concludes that benevolence, understood from Buber's perspective, transcends charity by being based on the recognition of others as ends in themselves, promoting individual and collective change.
Aproximación a la autenticidad: la concepción existencialista frente a la noción de los estudiantes de Filosofía de la Universidad de Cuenca
(Universidad de Cuenca. Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación, 2025-10-22) Chicaiza Saldaña, Erika Vanessa; Suquilanda Chuchuca, Nadia Milena; Pazos Freire, Eduardo Esteban
This thesis explores the concept of authenticity through a dual perspective: the philosophical, grounded in Jean-Paul Sartre’s existentialist thought, and the experiential, derived from the voices of third-semester students in the Pedagogy of Arts and Humanities program at the University of Cuenca. The research offers a critical analysis that integrates Sartre’s ontology of radical freedom with students’ lived experiences to understand how authenticity is constructed and perceived in contemporary contexts. The theoretical framework defines authenticity as an ethical practice rooted in freedom, responsibility, and self-affirmation. The study also incorporates insights from Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Nietzsche, Camus, de Beauvoir, and Taylor, who contribute concepts such as existential angst, finitude, social masking, and intersubjective tension. Empirical findings, gathered through focus groups, reveal six key conceptions of authenticity: internal congruence, continuous choice, use of social masks, tension with the need for acceptance, ethical commitment, and the influence of the gaze of others. The study concludes that authenticity is not a fixed essence or ideal state but a dynamic, relational, and context-dependent process shaped by social, cultural, and personal tensions. Thus, being authentic emerges as an ongoing practice of self-construction and ethical negotiation between the individual, their environment, and their freedom to be.
Análisis fílmico de la representación de los cuerpos en transición desde la mirada del biopoder de Foucault
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-03-17) Guachún Guamán, Madeline Alexandra; Sangoquiza Quinga, Jasly Macarena; Solano Ortiz, César Augusto
This research explores how cinema acts as a mirror of power dynamics, control, and resistance in modern society, through an analysis of the films Boys Don't Cry (1999) and The Danish Girl (2015). Using an interdisciplinary approach that integrates philosophy, social sciences, and film studies, the concepts of biopower by Michel Foucault and Judith Butler's theories on gender norms and performativity are employed to examine the tensions between identity, normativity, and exclusion. Foucault's work is utilized to explore how the audiovisual representations of transgender characters in these films reflect struggles for personal autonomy and resistance against socially imposed normative structures. This study highlights how cinema not only exposes structures of oppression but also provides spaces for reflection, questioning, and resistance to traditional gender and sexuality norms. Additionally, the pedagogical potential of cinema is emphasized as a tool to foster empathy, raise awareness of issues related to diversity and inclusion, and contribute to a deeper understanding of contemporary social dynamics concerning identity and sexuality.
La transformación moral de Dorian Gray: una interpretación humeana
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-09-08) Banegas Lituma, Ana Lucia; Molina Tapia, María Belén; Solano Ortiz, César Augusto
This research analyzes the moral transformation of the character Dorian Gray from Oscar Wilde's work The Picture of Dorian Gray, based on David Hume's moral theory; from a hermeneutic approach, focusing on key moments that illustrate the protagonist's progression towards a life of extreme hedonism, ultimately leading him to self-destruction. Hume's moral theory allows for the analysis of how decisions based on passions guide a person's life, as is the case with the character Dorian Gray, who bases his actions on his emotions/feelings in a constant pursuit of pleasure.
Análisis fílmico de la construcción de los cuerpos feminizados en filmes latinoamericanos desde el feminismo decolonial y la teoría queer
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-10-10) Andrade Berrezueta, Bryan Stalin; Garzón Moreira, Andrea Cristina; Solano Ortiz, César Augusto
The objective of this study is to analyze the construction of feminized bodies in Latin American films through the theoretical proposals of decolonial feminism and queer theory. Through a qualitative approach, a bibliographic documentary study is established where convergences and divergences in the construction of the experiences of the protagonists of the Latin American films are analyzed. The films studied are Pólvora en el corazón (2019) by Camila Urrutia and Tengo miedo Torero (2020) by Rodrigo Sepúlveda through a philosophical filmic analysis. Likewise, from the intersectional perspective, the experiences of violence naturalized and legitimized in different societies from epistemological spheres and social apparatuses are criticized. Likewise, a critique of cinema as a tool of alienation or emancipation is generated in the different films. Hand in hand with the understanding of feminized bodies portrayed as subjects in submission to power, invisibilized in the public space and manipulated by social actors for whom they represent only sexual objects. The scenes and films constitute the path towards the definition of these bodies as transversalized by different oppressions. Finally, from the ontological category, these bodies are recognized by the dispossession of non-being and the organized reconstruction of the social fabric is proposed as an emancipatory possibility in order to recover meaning.
Análisis de las obras de Immanuel Kant en relación con la concepción del Mal Radical
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-10-04) Tenempaguay Sancho, Kevin Stalin; Solano Ortíz, César Augusto
The present research is part of an analysis of the conception of radical evil in two works of Immanuel Kant, with the purpose of inspecting, determining and examining the foundations that address the categories of morality and its relationship with radical evil, provided by the Prussian from his perspective, in order to contribute to the philosophical field. In order to carry out this study, a descriptive-comparative methodology is used and the level of research is documentary and bibliographic. Likewise, it is framed within the research line of Philosophy and Social Thought, since it focuses on the analysis and interpretation of a philosophical theory in the field of ethics and morality. By examining the moral presuppositions and the connection with radical evil, it is possible to evidence points of convergence and divergence in the investigation of the foundations that support each category. It is important to note that the figure of Kant is valuable for ethical and moral thought; although his approach was written many years ago, he is considered a precursor in modern thought. The expected results focus on verifying the ethical and moral foundations of radical evil in the nature of the human being, as well as examining its implications, scope and the possibilities of transformation through the development of a moral attitude.
Incidencia de la migración internacional en el ejercicio del derecho a la educación. Deserción estudiantil en la Universidad de Cuenca 2020-2023
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-09-18) Aguirre Ochoa, Evelyn Alejandra; Padilla Matute, Joseline Paulina; Escudero Durán, María Lorena
International migration is a phenomenon that closely accompanies the history of Ecuador, its impact has been present in some provinces more than in others, as is the case of Azuay during the period 2020-2023, the emigration of Ecuadorians increased significantly as a result of the post-covid-19, organized crime, political and economic instability. This would increase the presence of migrant students in the Ecuadorian educational system, but would also provoke school desertion by encouraging several students to abandon their studies in search of better opportunities. In this context, the objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of international migration on the exercise of the right to education at the University of Cuenca in the period 2020-2023. A mixed methodology was applied, through a bibliographic documentary review, semi-structured interviews, and application of surveys to a random sample of the university community. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, it is concluded that the University of Cuenca has conducted academic projects, research, and outreach programs on migration. However, given the growing incidence of international migratory flows, these activities are insufficient. Also, it is analyzed how international migration is one of the factors that generate student desertion in the university field. In this regard, the importance of developing public policies from perspectives of interculturality and inclusion is raised, in order to deconstruct discriminatory practices for social or cultural reasons derived from migration, and to promote strategies to guarantee the right to quality education.
Análisis comparativo de la concepción filosófica de justicia entre Lorenzo Peña y Robert Nozick
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-09-16) Castañeda Zúñiga, Evelyn Gabriela; Garvin Pérez, Anja; Vásconez Carrasco, Fernando Marcelo
In this article, we develop a comparative analysis of the philosophical conception of justice between Lorenzo Peña and Robert Nozick, highlightning the importance of the concept of justice for the philosophy, understanding that it is handle in a complex and multifaceted form and required a critical and deep reflection. Therefore, we present the arguments used by our authors regarding the role of justice in society and the State. For this reason, we refer to the primary and secondary sources of our authors, highlighting that, in the case of our main author, Lorenzo Peña, we conducted evolutionary research into his thought since 1989 with Flew on entitlements & Justice until his video Ecos del Azuay no35: Filosofía social y política (1a parte), (2023). Concerning Robert Nozick, we had taken his main work Anarchy, State and Utopia (1990). In this context, it is essential to understand on which arguments each author bases his conceptions of justice. On the one hand, Lorenzo Peña has a certain affinity with Communism, where an important role is given to the common good; Robert Nozick, in contrast, prefers Libertarianism, advocating individual rights and private property, i.e., a minimum status. Thus, after analyzing the basic arguments of each author, the main similarities and differences in their conceptions of justice will be identified.
Percepción del rol del docente de filosofía frente al currículo priorizado en los colegios nocturnos de la ciudad Cuenca en el año lectivo 2023-2024
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-09-06) Barbecho Quizhpi, Juan Andrés; Cárdenas Quichimbo, Lisseth Silvana; Palacios Cordero,Mireya del Pilar
The objective of this study was to analyze the perception of philosophy teachers in night schools regarding their role in the implementation of the Prioritized Curriculum, as well as to examine their appreciation of their role as a contribution to the baccalaureate and to know how the characteristics of the students influence their role as teachers. Ten evening high school institutions in the city of Cuenca were considered, with a total of 10 teachers interviewed. The approach chosen for this research was qualitative, exploratory and descriptive in scope. A survey was used as an instrument, which consisted of multiple-choice and open-ended questions. The responses were analyzed using Atlas.ti software. The results indicate that teachers perceive the Prioritized Curriculumas favorable and advantageous, due to its fundamental characteristics such as flexibility and adaptability to the students' reality. They also state that its contribution to the high school graduation profile is important in the sense that it transmits knowledge, teaches skills, motivates students to achieve goals, among other aspects. Additionally, and regarding the student characteristics factor, they perceive their students as people who have the desire to improve themselves, although in their daily lives they have to face certain mishaps such as economic, labor, motivational, among others. This can be both a favorable and unfavorable factor in the teaching-learning development of philosophy, since the educational process depends on the teacher and the student's predisposition to learn. It is concluded that teachers perceive the Prioritized Curriculum as favorable and their role as active, so that they can adjust it to the needs of the students and the institution.
La eutanasia desde la perspectiva de la bioética. Un estudio de caso
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-09-10) Morales Villarruel, Nathaly Jasley; Peña Chapa, Eliseo Martin; Pesántez Calle, Blanca Nelcila
The present research analyzes euthanasia or "good death" in the case of the Colombian Martha Sepúlveda, from the perspectives of personalist and utilitarian bioethics; through a qualitative approach that includes the review of secondary sources, mostly interviews with the actors involved in this case. This study arises from the need for an interdisciplinary understanding of euthanasia, beyond the legal and media perspectives. In the context of contemporary society, this type of analysis is crucial, as it seeks to understand the ethical and moral implications that arise from medical decision-making, especially in euthanasia. The case of Martha Sepúlveda and the media uproar it caused following her struggle to exercise her right to a dignified death is highly relevant in society, not only in Colombia but worldwide, as it again raises questions such as freedom, autonomy, and the well-being of the person. From personalism and utilitarianism, the most significant features of these currents are identified, based on their principles and main representatives. The polarity of these currents provides the possibility of making clear decisions based on one's own assessment of being and social involvement, understanding that this decision does not solely concern the individual in question but is also influenced by their system of beliefs and values, which prioritize the ideals of a dignified life and, consequently, a dignified death.
Análisis de la categoría de identidad latinoamericana en el pensamiento de Leopoldo Zea
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-08-21) Déleg Illescas, Leonardo Rafael; Escudero Durán, María Lorena
The present research examines the category of Latin American identity in the thought of Leopoldo Zea, using a methodology of document interpretation based on the review of texts and philosophical articles, with an exploratory and descriptive scope. The findings reveal the profound impact of European conquest on the shaping of Latin American identity, with the denial of an authentic philosophy specific to the region being one of its most detrimental effects. The imposition of Eurocentric modernity resulted in a uniform view of the world, excluding other cultural expressions and knowledge, and relegating the inhabitants of Latin America to a status of second-class rational beings. In contrast, Leopoldo Zea contends that the authenticity of philosophy lies in the inherent capacity of humans for admiration and criticism of conditions of domination, advocating for the recognition of the existence of a legitimate philosophical thought from Latin America.
Actuación del movimiento indígena ecuatoriano en octubre 2019: una interpretación desde la colonialidad del poder de Aníbal Quijano
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-05-22) Viñanzaca Llapa, Paola Alexandra; Escudero Durán, María Lorena
This research analyzes the intervention of the Ecuadorian indigenous movement, especially the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE), during the October 2019 protests, through the lens of the coloniality of power proposed by Aníbal Quijano. It seeks to interpret both the actions and demands of CONAIE, closely linking them to the concept of the coloniality of power. The methodology employs a hermeneutic-interpretative approach and a documentary literature review that includes a variety of sources, from academic texts to political speeches, to achieve a critical understanding of the demonstrations and their significance in the context of the coloniality of power. The results of this research show the importance of the October rebellion as a manifestation of collective demands and emphasize the urgency of recognizing and confronting expressions of the coloniality of power in Ecuadorian society. What happened in October 2019 made visible that racism is a systemic and collective problem, so it is necessary to reflect upon, make visible, and combat these manifestations of coloniality in the present day.
El gradualismo de Lorenzo Peña como propuesta para flexibilizar el debate sobre el aborto
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-05-06) Yanza Córdova, Lorena Estefanía; Vásconez Carrasco, Fernando Marcelo
This work addresses the debate on abortion from a moral perspective. In chapter 1, it reviews the philosophical discipline of ethics to establish the foundations, principles, and criteria by which the various arguments for and against the practice of abortion will be assessed. The second chapter presents the argumentation of those who believe abortion is equivalent to homicide and advocate for its prohibition in most or all cases, depending on the author. The third chapter unfolds the argumentation of proabortion advocates, who assert that the nasciturus is not a complete human being; therefore, abortion does not constitute a homicide and should not be criminalized, as it violates the rights of the pregnant woman. In the face of this polarization of positions, Lorenzo Peña's gradualist theory transcends the impasse in the abortion debate because its gradualist logic introduces flexibility in the kind of answer one can advance in the debate, overcoming the significant criticisms that standard logic cannot address. If the issue hinges on whether the nasciturus is or is not a human being with rights, Peña's stance is that it both is and is not. This explicit paradoxical response opens up a spectrum of degrees between the non-existence and existence of the human being, within which the practice of abortion can be more or less permissible depending on the stage of pregnancy and the reasons or justifications of the pregnant woman.
Aproximaciones críticas a la teoría del consumismo contemporáneo abordado por Zygmunt Bauman
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-05-07) Cuji Aucancela, Marco Antonio; Pesántez Calle, Blanca Nelcila
The objective of this research is to critically contribute to Bauman's proposal on contemporary consumerism. Consumerism according to Bauman develops in a liquid reality, where fluidity, transience and uncertainty define the schemes and structures that mark how and where we live. Consumerism has established itself as a social agreement that is strengthened by endless desires, as it shapes social relationships and the identity of individuals. In this sense, a society of consumers that discards the alternative, or dissent, is responsible for encouraging this way of life not only as a free choice, but as a requirement of belonging. Hence, consumer culture has elevated freedom, happiness and time as axiological pillars of the new society based on the certainties of the moment as concrete facts of choosing and being chosen within consumerism. In this context, the critical contributions to the study of consumerism revolve around the breadth of readings offered from two main theoretical contexts: Firstly, from the theories of risk society sustained from the perspectives offered by Luhmann and Beck, complemented with the communicative action of Habermas. Secondly, an interpretative intersection is proposed from critical theory with Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer and Marcuse. Finally, Michell Foucault's ideas on power are an indispensable epilogue to this study, which raises the need to rethink the conditions of current life.

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