Ingeniería en Electrónica y Telecomunicaciones-Pregrado
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://dspace-test.ucuenca.edu.ec/handle/123456789/43
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Item Diseño e Implementación de una red de comunicación de emergencia para el Campus Balzay(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-09-29) Chango Cuenca, Eduardo Andrés; Astudillo Salinas, Darwin Fabián; Palacio Baus, Kenneth SamuelThis work presents the design and implementation of an emergency communication network at the Balzay campus, within the framework of the SHAYA 2.0 project aimed at violence prevention. IoT technology was employed, specifically LoRaWAN, chosen for its low energy consumption, long range, and reliable coverage, enabling the installation of wireless physical buttons that send alerts when activated. The system was evaluated using an adaptive burst transmission strategy that improves message reception even in environments with obstacles. Energy consumption was optimized, achieving a sleep current of 580 µA, ensuring an autonomy exceeding six months. Communication tests reached a 100% success rate in critical areas, validated with metrics such as SNR and RSSI. Implemented as a pilot at the Balzay campus, the prototype provides a robust solution for alert transmission.Item Diseño y evaluación de un sistema de comunicación Dispositivo a Dispositivo (D2D) basado en redes cognitivas para entornos más allá de 5G (Beyond 5G (B5G))(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-09-26) Dumas Puma, Erick Santiago; Calle Vásquez, Carlos Andrés; Vázquez Rodas, Andrés MarceloThis work presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a Device-to-Device (D2D) communication system based on cognitive networks for Beyond 5G (Beyond 5G (B5G)) en-vironments, using NS-3 with the 5G-LENA module and SUMO as simulation tools. The main objective is to implement a resource filtering method and to design and implement dynamic re-source allocation schemes in cellular vehicular networks (NR-V2X) that outperform the scheme defined in the standard. First, the theoretical foundations are reviewed to identify the limitations of the current scheme, and two filtering methods based on energy detectors are evaluated. Subsequently, six resource allocation schemes are developed and compared: two heuristic (Greedy and Proportional Fair) and four using Reinforcement Learning (RL) combined with the Deep Q-Learning (DQL) algorithm. The system validation was carried out using performance metrics such as throughput, delay, block error rate (BLER), and packet reception rate (PRR) in a vehicular platoon communication scenario located in the historic center of Cuenca, Ecuador. The results show that the proposed filtering method consistently improves all metrics compa-red to the standard; heuristic schemes provide slight improvements, while RL-based schemes achieve significant gains, with up to 40 % increases in throughput, 80 % reductions in delay, 30 % improvements in BLER, and a 16 % increase in PRR, especially in scenarios with high vehicular density.Item Desarrollo e implementación de un gemelo digital (DT) de un sistema multitanques(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-09-23) Andrade Matute, Luis Antonio; Minchala Ávila, Luis Ismael; Guzmán Guillén, Galo FernandoIn this project, a DT was developed using open-source tools, aiming to meet the characteristics of mirroring, shadowing, twinning, and twinning rate inherent to this technology. The modeling tool Blender was used to create a digital model that includes the elements of the control panel and the multi-tank system available in the Control Systems Laboratory at the University of Cuenca. To bring these digital models to life, the 2D and 3D game engine Godot was used, despite its lack of native support for the OPC UA protocol. To incorporate OPC UA functionalities, functions from the open-source library open62541 were adapted into Godot with the help of GDExtension. As evaluation metrics, statistical graphs were included to represent the average usage of CPU and RAM during the software’s execution, aiming to demonstrate the low computational cost of the developed application, which ensures portability across computers with different processing capabilities. Additionally, the average latency in communication between the digital environment and the physical plant was evaluated, verifying the presence of real-time communication. Finally, practical experiments were conducted by sending signals from the digital twin to the physical plant and graphing the water level in the tanks over time, demonstrating the system’s effective and accurate behavior.Item Clasificación automática de señales para comunicaciones inalámbricas basada en técnicas de inteligencia artificial(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-09-24) Pardo Castro, Carlos Andrés; Pérez Vargas, Juan Pablo; Solano Quinde, Lizandro Damián; Palacio Baus, Kenneth SamuelThis work addresses the identification of digital modulation schemes under realistic chan- nel conditions—multipath fading, additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), and carrier phase offset—across six formats: BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, cross-32-QAM, 64-QAM, and cross-128- QAM; a complementary analysis with 256-QAM is also included to assess performance under higher constellation orders. To capture channel variability, scenarios with different signal-to- noise ratio (SNR) levels, numbers of propagation paths, and phase-offset values were gene- rated using the TorchSig toolkit; the resulting baseband in-phase/quadrature (I–Q) signals fed three neural-network architectures trained and evaluated in supervised classification tasks. Finally, a voting-based ensemble that combines the top k models from each network is pro- posed, yielding consistent gains in correct classification probability (PCC) across all evaluated scenarios.Item Implementación de una herramienta para el estudio de la movilidad entre los campus de la Universidad de Cuenca a través del análisis de Logs del Controlador de red inalámbrica(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-09-24) Gómez Murillo, Bryam Fabricio; Astudillo Salinas, Darwin FabianThis work presents the development and implementation of an analysis tool aimed at studying the mobility of the university community between the Central and Balzay campuses of the University of Cuenca, as part of the institutional Mover-U program.The proposed solution integrates an interactive visualization system that enables the monitoring of user connection records to the university’s wireless network. The system architecture is based on open-source technologies and containerized services, using Ubuntu Server 24.04 LTS as the primary platform. Tools such as Docker are used for containerization and service deployment, MySQL for structured data storage, Redis as an intermediate storage layer, and both Graylog and Rsyslog for filtering data collec-ted from the RADIUS server. To ensure data confidentiality, the system incorporates protection mechanisms including hashing functions and access controls at both the MySQL database and Graylog platform levels. The results demonstrate a clear graphi-cal representation of the mobility patterns within the university community, enabling the visualization of key statistics such as the total number of connections, distribution by campus, most frequently used access points, and movement direction. Additionally, interactive filters by date and movement direction are provided to support personalized data exploration by authorized users.Item Evaluación de métodos de corrección radiométrica y geométrica de una cámara de campo de visión amplio(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-09-24) Palaguachi Dután, Felipe Sebastián; León Guanoquiza, Franklin Josué; Andrade Rodas, Juan Manuel; Palacio Baus, Kenneth SamuelThis work evaluates the application of geometric and radiometric correction techniques on sky images captured with wide-field cameras, with the aim of mitigating distortions introduced by wide-angle lenses (140° and 180°) and improving the quality of these images for analysis in computer vision. The main objective of this work is to obtain accurate representations of sky conditions, which are essential for applications such as short-term photovoltaic forecasting. A comprehensive review of the state of the art is presented, exploring geometric models such as Kannala-Brandt, Scaramuzza, UCM, EUCM, and Mei, as well as radiometric methods including HDR image generation using Debevec, Mitsunaga, and Robertson techniques, including vignetting correction using approaches by Gao, Lopez-Fuentes, and Zheng. Comparative experiments have been designed to evaluate the performance of these methods on synthetic and real images, using metrics such as PSNR, SSIM, RPE, and radiometric uniformity. The results highlight that the Kannala-Brandt model excels in the correction of synthetic images, while EUCM and Mei offer greater accuracy in real scenarios; in the radiometric domain, the Debevec technique preserves key HDR details, and the Lopez-Fuentes method optimizes vignetting correction. Finally, the implications of these findings for sky image enhancement are discussed, and future lines of research are proposed, such as the development of hybrid models and the expansion of datasets, with an independent focus on their application for photovoltaic prediction studies.Item Modelamiento de patrones diarios de producción solar fotovoltaica orientada a la mejora de la eficiencia y precisión en las proyecciones energéticas: un enfoque estadístico(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-09-23) Tobar Palacios, Micaela Cristina; Ochoa Correa, Danny VinicioThis research develops a statistical model to characterize and predict photovoltaic (PV) solar energy production, considering its annual and daily variations based on data from three groups of solar panels over one year. To model annual variability, autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models were applied to detrended time series data, allowing the identification of temporal dependency patterns in energy generation. At the daily level, the work focused on fitting beta distributions to percentiles of photovoltaic production, and on clustering the daily profiles, which provided a refined characterization of hourly generation patterns. Furthermore, based on the obtained ARMA models, synthetic time series with statistical properties equivalent to the original series were generated, facilitating simulation and predictive analysis. The methods implemented in this study provide a robust tool to improve the accuracy of solar generation projections and optimize the management of photovoltaic systems, thereby contributing to the efficient planning and operation of renewable energy.Item Diseño e implementación de un sistema de gestión de respaldos y recuperación enfocado en la Micro-Red de la Universidad de Cuenca(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-08-27) Nieves Nambel, Jonnathan Fernando; Pulla Huiracocha, Jimmy Danilo; Astudillo Salinas, Darwin FabiánThe present work develops and implements a backup and recovery management system for the Micro-Network of the University of Cuenca, oriented to guarantee the integrity, availability and efficient recovery of critical data of the SCADA. The design is based on the 3-2-1 model, using a physical server with Ubuntu Server 24.04 LTS, Docker, PostgreSQL, Grafana and Bacula/Bacularis for the storage, visualization, backup and recovery of information, respectively. The solution includes the definition of backup policies aligned with the EGSI and international standards (ISO 27001, 27002 and 27019). The proposed architecture allows automating data capture, versioning and backup retention, as well as complete recovery in case of loss. The tests performed show a 100% success rate in the backup and recovery processes, total data integrity and excellent system performance in terms of CPU and RAM resource consumption.Item Sistema de detección de incendios basado en tecnología IoT y procesamiento de imágenes(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-09-15) Castillo Matamoros, Erick Alexander; Chalco Montalván, Robert Sebastián; González Martínez, Santiago RenánThis curricular integration project presents the development of an intelligent system for the early detection and warning of forest fires, motivated by the increase of these events in Ecuador during dry seasons such as those recorded in 2024. The system combines IoT technologies and image processing, integrating a digital camera, environmental sensors, a GPS module, 4G connectivity, and optimized algorithms to operate in real-time on low-cost hardware, adapted to rural or hard-to-reach areas. Fire detection algorithms based on color spaces and IA were implemented and evaluated, from which a hybrid solution emerged that combines Method 9 (YOLOv8) and Method 12 (PJF, RGB, and YCbCr chromatic spaces). This method was validated in a controlled environment under three representative conditions: high illumination, visual interference, and standard conditions, as described in Section 4.4. The system achieved outstanding metrics in high illumination, key in fires caused by drought, obtaining an ACC of 99.82 %, a TPR of 99.64 %, and a TNR of 100.00 %, as summarized in Table 5.4. Additionally, an air quality sensor was integrated to detect PM2.5 particles above 100µg/m³, which allowed for the validation of smoke presence and the reduction of false positives. The system operated with a consumption of 519.9mA, a CPU usage of 38.3 %, and a temperature below 39.3°C thanks to an automatic ventilation system, representing a reliable, precise, and scalable solution for the early detection of forest fires.Item Aplicación de MANET’s como sistema de comunicación en la movilidad sostenible(Universidad de Cuenca, 2023-09-15) Eras Eras, Nancy Maribel; Otavalo Quito, José Andrés; González Martínez, Santiago RenánSustainable mobility is crucial in today’s society, which seeks to reduce greenhouse gas emis- sions and promote the use of cleaner and more efficient means of transportation. The bicy- cle has become essential as it offers affordability, efficiency, health, safety and environmental friendliness. Thus, different cities have promoted bicycles from both the public and private spheres, implementing technologies that improve their operation and safety. The Mobile Ad- Hoc Network (MANET) have emerged as an innovative solution to improve communication in sustainable mobility. This research work proposes an experimental methodology to implement a communication system between electric bicycles as nodes of a MANET and the evaluation of the same using the proactive routing protocols Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Bet- ter Approach to Mobile Ad-Hoc Networking (B.A.T.M.A.N.). The network configuration is set up systematically, considering the 2.4 GHz wireless channel conditions, maximum transmission range and bandwidth at one and three hops. In addition, an application layer solution is provi- ded in order to simulate the transmission of text messages and audio traffic in the network. In order to compare the functionality of the communication system using each protocol, different test scenarios with fixed and moving nodes are established. In terms of the network metrics evaluated, the Delay, Packet Reception Ratio (PRR) and Throughput were used.Item Detección de fallas en paneles solares fotovoltaicos utilizando procesamiento de imágenes SWIR y técnica de electroluminiscencia(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-03-13) Gómez López, Franklin Mauricio; Ochoa Correa, Danny VinicioThe growth of the solar industry has driven the need for effective methods to detect defects in photovoltaic systems, which inspired this study focused on the application of image processing techniques in the short-wave infrared spectrum (SWIR) through electroluminescence. Thiswork centers on the design and implementation of an experimental methodology to identify defects in commercial photovoltaic panels, using an OWL 640 M camera to capture images and combining image processing techniques with machine learning to detect cracks, interrupted contacts, and material anomalies. The proposed approach includes stages such as equipment calibration, individual cell analysis, and system performance evaluation, employing convolutional neural networks and a dataset tailored to the characteristics of the images. The results not only contribute to improving the efficiency and reliability of photovoltaic systems but also present opportunities in fields such as electronic component detection, humidity identification, liquid measurement, and contaminant analysis in food, highlighting the multidisciplinary impact of SWIR imaging.Item Sistema de semáforo inteligente con aprendizaje automático para una intersección de alto flujo vehicular. Caso de estudio: Cuenca, Ecuador.(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-09-25) Ordoñez Pineda, Luis Fernando; Barbecho Bautista, Pablo AndrésVehicle congestion in Cuenca, Ecuador, is a growing issue that demands innovative solutions. This thesis focuses on simulating the implementation of an intelligent traffic light system that uses the Deep Q-network machine learning algorithm to adjust traffic light phases according to real-time traffic flow conditions. To address the limitations of traditional traffic lights, this research aimed to reduce vehicle waiting times at intersections. To achieve this goal, SUMO (Simulation of Urban MObility), a simulation tool, was used to model and analyze the behavior of the vehicular network. Two approaches were evaluated: (i) the incorporation of traffic light phases with prioritized turns, referred to as FN (new phases), and (ii) the implementation of traffic light phases with fixed duration intervals, determined based on real measurements at the intersection, called DFV (fixed variable duration). The results showed a significant reduction in waiting times, with the FN approach achieving an 8.73 % decrease and the DFV approach achieving a 14.10 % decrease compared to the traditional system. The second approach, DFV, proved to be the most efficient, reducing the metric by 5.90 % compared to the FN approach, suggesting its potential for real-world implementation. These findings demonstrated that the intelligent traffic light system not only reduces waiting times but also optimizes traffic flow, promising to improve urban mobility in Cuenca.Item Desarrollo de una herramienta para la evaluación objetiva de la calidad de video empleando redes neuronales(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-09-23) Flores Maza, Carlos Bladimir; González Martínez, Santiago RenánVideo quality assessment is essential for determining the appropriate compression of a video file or its real-time transmission. The developed tool allows for the selection of quality (Quantization Parameter (QP)), temporal (Frame Per Second (FPS)), and spatial (Bit-rate) scalability parameters, comparing traditional metrics like Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) with the Perceptual Image Patch Similarity (LPIPS) metric, which uses neural networks (VGG, AlexNet, and SqueezeNet). The experiments included a two-phase subjective evaluation. In the first phase, participants evaluated videos encoded with the same scalability parameter, establishing a relationship between visual perception and the metrics. Results showed that an .excellent”subjective evaluation corresponded to a PSNR of 44.2 dB, an SSIM of 0.99, and an LPIPS of 0.0 with AlexNet, 0.01 with SqueezeNet, and 0.02 with VGG for quality scalability. In the second phase, different participant groups evaluated the same videos with various scalability parameters, preferring quality scalability at high parameters and spatial scalability at intermediate parameters. Additional experiments validated the metrics against human perception, applying distortions such as blurring, Poisson noise, and salt-and-pepper noise. Results indicated that LPIPS is more sensitive to human perception, with percentage values starting from 73.64 %, compared to SSIM (-24.9 %) and PSNR (-14.17 %). The main contribution of this work is the development of a tool that facilitates research and learning in video quality assessment through both objective and subjective approaches.Item Implementación de un sistema de transmisión multiportadora sobre una plataforma FPGA(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-09-13) Castro Mendoza, Henry Mauricio; Cambisaca Sánchez, Jhonatan Paúl; Palacio Baus, Kenneth Samuel; Solano Quinde, Lizandro DamiánMulticarrier modulation systems increase the bit rate in digital communications and optimize bandwidth usage compared to single carrier modulation systems. In this work, we implement OFDM and GFDM systems on a Red Pitaya FPGA STEMLab 125-14 platform. Implementing a multicarrier transmission system on an FPGA involves translating complex mathematical concepts into hardware-level operations. Mastery of the hardware description environment is crucial for addressing synthesis and delay issues, enabling the creation of a standalone transmission system without external hardware. The implementation of OFDM and GFDM is based on the vector representation of multicarrier systems, where the characteristics depend on the pulse-shaping filter used. OFDM employs a rectangular pulse, while GFDM uses a raised cosine filter. Both systems utilize 4-QAM symbols and synchronization frames to facilitate signal reception. To evaluate the system, we use the HackRF One device in conjunction with GNU Radio software. The received signal is compared with the theoretical signal using crosscorrelation, and the bit error rate (BER) is measured as a function of distance. The results show that the received signal closely matches the simulated signal and it was observed that GFDM requires 7% more SNR than OFDM to achieve a similar error rate. These findings validate the implementation and lay the groundwork for developing new technologies in multicarrier communication systems.Item Implementación y evaluación de un sistema de navegación cinética satelital en tiempo real empleando hardware de bajo costo(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-09-17) Flores Lalvay, Stalyn Andrés; Villa Lojano, Christian Fernando; Araujo Pacheco, Alcides FabianIn this degree work, a low-cost real-time kinetic navigation system (GNSS RTK) was implemented and evaluated. For this, simpleRTK2B Lite development boards and XBee wireless communication modules were used. Initially, the operation, synchronisation and communication of each module configured as base and rover was learned and verified. The evaluation of the system was performed by calculating statistical parame- ters such as RMS, 2DRMS, SEP, CEP and MRSE, using the geodetic network of the city of Cuenca, in the province of Azuay, Ecuador, as a test scenario. A total of 8 points distributed in 4 locations in the city were measured, representing diverse geographical scenarios and taking advantage of the varied topography of the city, with altitudes between approximately 2500 masl and 3500 masl. These locations included both busy urban and rural environments. The results demonstrated that the implemented RTK system can achieve accurate measurements of less than 25 cm and, in some cases, less than 2 cm in practical environments, using low-cost components. In addition, a cost comparison was made with commercial geodetic grade equipment. This study contributes to the development of affordable solutions for real-time geolocation and navigation applications, especially in regions with complex geographical conditions.Item Análisis de la factibilidad de mejorar la disponibilidad del sistema SCADA durante los procesos de mantenimiento de los equipos de la micro-red de la Universidad de Cuenca(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-09-06) Gutiérrez Otavalo, Lourdes Verónica; Padilla Guamán, Claudia Estefanía; Astudillo Salinas, Darwin Fabián; Villa Ávila, Edisson AndrésThis report focuses on the challenges associated with increasing the availability of Supervi- sory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems in the industrial sector, specifically in the Micro-Grid Laboratory of the University of Cuenca. This system monitors and controls various equipment through a wired Operational Technologies (OT) network. The primary problem addressed lies in the interruptions caused in the communication and control of the SCADA system during device maintenance procedures, which affects the sys- tem’s functionality. Disconnecting the power supply for maintenance results in a temporary loss of device detection and control by the SCADA, thus causing a forced system shutdown. To address this issue, three potential hypotheses are proposed. Firstly, the management of network redundancy through Weidmüller switches is explored, using protocols such as Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP), Spanning Tree, and Turbo-Ring. Secondly, the installation of a physical bypass in the network to prevent interruptions is suggested by reconfiguring the fiber optic infrastructure. Lastly, the SCADA implementation is analyzed, focusing on the algorithm implemented in Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbech (LabVIEW) and correcting the detected flaws. Each hypothesis was validated through the research methods utilized. The implementation of the selected solutions has achieved continuity in the control and communication of the SCADA system during maintenance processes. Finally, the thesis work concluded with the fulfillment of all the objectives set and a considerable improvement in the system’s initialization time, achieved through all the experiments conducted, mainly by modifying the LabVIEW programming.Item Diseño e Implementación de un prototipo integral para el monitoreo y automatización de la red WAN en la Empresa Eléctrica Regional Centro Sur C.A(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-09-05) Lima Huayllas, Edwin Aníbal; Mora Pedroza, Paola Alexandra; Barbecho Bautista, Pablo AndrésWAN networks interconnect systems, users, and applications across different geographical areas, enhancing efficiency and security in various sectors. This work presents the development of a prototype for managing and monitoring WAN networks, whose complexity has increased due to the growing number of devices. The prototype enables topology visualization, continuous monitoring, and configuration automation, optimizing network processes and reducing response times to incidents. The implementation is based on topology discovery through Python algorithms, configuration automation using tools such as Netmiko, and function centralization via a web server in Node.js. The application, named EPOLARIS, integrates a visualization panel with Grafana and uses Telegram to receive network incident notifications. The prototype is evaluated through simulations and in Region Three of the WAN network of the Regional Electric Company Centro Sur C.A. in Cuenca, Ecuador, demonstrating more efficient management, reduced configuration times, and faster detection of topology errors.Item Evaluación e implementación de un algoritmo para el diseño de rutas en ambientes dinámicos y variantes para vehículo autónomos(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-09-03) Aucapiña Lozada, Jean Carlo; Sáenz Delgado, Luis Carlos; Minchala Ávila, Luis IsmaelThis research focuses on the implementation and evaluation of algorithms for route planning in dynamic and environmental changes, applied to autonomous vehicles. MATLAB is used as a simulation tool, and two algorithms are implemented throughout the work: D* Lite and Q-learning, to compare their performance with other algorithms already implemented in the simulation environment. D* Lite is known for its ability to efficiently replan routes when there are environmental changes, while Q-learning allows continuous improvement of navigation decisions through reinforcement learning. Multiple experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of these algorithms. Before the comparison, the logic used to develop the mentioned algorithms is explained. For the evaluation, metrics including execution time, path length, and path cost based on distance were considered. Additionally, the ability of the algorithms to avoid obstacles in controlled and randomized environments was evaluated. To validate the effectiveness of the developed algorithms, a benchmark was performed comparing these algorithms with other existing route planning methods. The results showed that both algorithms are effective in dynamic environments. D* Lite stood out for its simplicity and speed, achieving efficient and quick replanning. On the other hand, Q-learning showed great adaptability and learning ability, improving its navigation decisions as it interacted with the environment.Item Análisis de la aplicación de auto codificadores en sistemas de comunicaciones para minimizar el efecto del ruido(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-08-30) Otavalo Alvarado, David Andrés; Zaruma Morocho, Samantha Fernanda; Solano Quinde, Lizandro DamiánConventional communication systems use processing blocks to perform specific tasks, such as encoding or modulating input signals. Recently, Deep Learning (DL) theory has inspired programmers and researchers in the area of digital communications to apply it to these traditional systems with the aim of making them adaptable to different environments, reducing the complexity in the design of blocks that perform specific tasks. In this context, the main objective of this work is to develop an Autoencoder (AE), which is the application of an unsupervised learning artificial neural network, with an encoding-decoding structure similar to that of a conventional communication system. The model presented in Chapters 4 and 5 is developed using the TensorFlow libraries and functional API. The implemented encoding was based on the following modulation schemes: BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-PSK, 32-PSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM, and 128-QAM. Through training, the model aims to efficiently reduce the error between the original information and the reconstructed information after passing through a noisy AWGN channel. To optimize the training, the early stopping technique is incorporated, which halts the training when the loss function values stop improving. To verify the functionality of the AE, constellation diagrams, Block Error Rate (BLER) and Bit Error Rate (BER) plots were obtained for each modulation scheme. These graphs were analy- zed and compared with the typical curves of the aforementioned digital modulations. The results of the autoencoder indicate greater precision and efficiency in reconstructing the transmitted data, consequently leading to a significant improvement in information transmission.Item Implementación y evaluación de un sistema cinemático en tiempo real, utilizando un radio definido por software de bajo costo, configurado como una estación móvil de geolocalización para recepción de señales del sistema global de navegación por satélite(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-08-29) Berrezueta Tapia, Erick Elian; Tenesaca Illares, Juan Diego; Araujo Pacheco, Alcides FabiánGeolocation systems have improved in accuracy thanks to technological advancements, redu- cing costs and expanding applications. RTK devices are highly accurate and useful in topo- graphic surveys, reliable in receiving GNSS signals. To lower costs, RTL-SDR devices were tested as GNSS receivers in a low-cost system configured as a rover connected to a base station using the RTCM protocol for differential corrections. Measurements were taken at eight reference points in Cuenca, comparing the accuracy of the processed signals under three con- ditions: without correction, with correction using an external base station, and with correction using a local base station. The results showed that the local base station improved accuracy, although in high-interference environments, the corrections were not always precise. Measure- ments without correction showed greater dispersion but a more accurate average. A low-cost SDR-based GNSS system is viable for moderate precision applications, with the local base station recommended for greater accuracy or no correction in high-interference environments.