Economía-Pregrado
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Item Generación de Manuales de Proceso con Enfoque Innovador para “Fama Home”(Universidad de Cuenca. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, 2026-03-23) García Vintimilla, Olger Stalin; Saeteros Pichizaca, Jenniffer Graciela; Luzuriaga Atarihuana, Karen Michelle; Flores Sánchez, Gustavo GiovanniThis study aims to develop a logistics process manual for Home Fama Cía. Ltda. through the integration of a digital tool and visual resources that facilitate its operational application. Based on an evaluation of the company’s logistics processes, bottlenecks and operational deficiencies affecting area performance were identified using a mixed-methods approach focused on workflow optimization. The results reveal an operational economic impact of USD 39,543.02, mainly concentrated in warranty orders, as well as the lack of standardized procedures and deficiencies in process control, which lead to rework, unproductive time, and risks in the delivery of the final product; therefore, the implementation of a critical control point system is proposed to strengthen information management, improve productivity, and optimize the efficiency of logistics processes.Item Discriminación laboral por grupo etario en el sector informal de la economía ecuatoriana(Universidad de Cuenca. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, 2026-03-23) Crespo García, María Manuela; Mendieta Muñoz,. Luis RodrigoThe age wage gap refers to systematic differences in labor earnings across age groups, arising from disparities in observable characteristics as well as from differences in the returns to those characteristics. Within this framework, this study analyzes the wage gap between young and non-young workers in Ecuador’s informal labor market over the period 2018–2024, using microdata from the National Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment (ENEMDU). The analysis combines the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition at the mean with its distributional extension based on Recentered Influence Function (RIF) regressions to examine both the sources of the wage gap and its behavior across the wage distribution. The results show that the wage gap is statistically significant in most of the years analyzed and is driven by differences in human capital and job characteristics, particularly at the lower end of the wage distribution. However, in specific years, most notably 2019, 2021, and 2023, significant differences in returns appear, captured by the unexplained part, suggesting the presence of age-related labor market segmentation affecting young workers.Item Estudio de mercado exploratorio sobre luminarias LED personalizadas para el sector de la construcción para “Galvanizado”(Universidad de Cuenca. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, 2026-03-11) Coronel Quezada, Erika Daniela; Verdugo Coronel, Lesly Fernanda; Orellana Vazquez, Kevin Fernando; Coronel Pangol, Katherine TatianaThis exploratory market study evaluates the feasibility of the company "Galvanizado" entering the custom LED lighting market for the construction sector. The environmental analysis confirms a favorable juncture, driven by regulatory compliance and tariff incentives. Through qualitative analysis and expert interviews, the study identified a market saturated by mass imports and polarized between rigid brands and low-cost, standard-quality products. Although competing on price in the mass housing segment is deemed unviable, a strategic opportunity was detected in the commercial and industrial segments. In these niches, professionals prioritize technical customization, after-sales support, and the availability of spare parts. It is concluded that market entry is viable if the company implements pertinent strategies, leveraging its flexible manufacturing and regulatory compliance (IEC/ANSI) to address the component shortage currently affecting the market.Item Definición y Análisis de Clústeres para la Cooperativa de Ahorro y Crédito “Raíces Andinas”(Universidad de Cuenca. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, 2026-03-10) Pacheco Narvaez, Jennifer Cristina; Prada Espinoza, Juan Diego; Orellana Bravo, Mercy RaquelThis study analyzes and classifies migrant members of Raíces Andinas Savings and Credit Cooperative, using financial surplus as the main criterion, estimated from the processing of three databases provided by the cooperative. To identify and characterize the groups over time, Group-Based Trajectory Modeling (GBTM) is applied. The analysis identifies four distinct profiles: deficit members, low-surplus members, declining-surplus members, and high-surplus members, demonstrating that the migrant population is not homogeneous but instead exhibits diverse and evolving financial behaviors over time. The results show that financial surplus is associated not only with the use of financial products and services, but also with sociodemographic factors. Based on these findings, a segmented strategic management approach is proposed, aimed at protecting and retaining the most profitable members, reactivating those showing signs of deceleration, strengthening engagement with low- performing members, and redesigning the financial relationship with deficit members to reduce costs while preserving institutional belonging. The study demonstrates that the application of advanced analytics in the cooperative sector enhances decision-making, improves financial sustainability, and strengthens processes of economic inclusion for the migrant population.Item Determinantes de la permanencia en la educación superior: un estudio a la Universidad de Cuenca(Universidad de Cuenca. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, 2026-03-11) Córdova Loaiza, María Emilia; Molina Piedra, Valeria Alexandra; Orellana Bravo, Mercy RaquelThis research analyzes the individual and institutional determinants that affect student persistence in public higher education, using the University of Cuenca as a case study. To this end, a longitudinal design is employed that follows the cohort of 2021, covering a total of 3,065 students distributed across 50 academic programs. The study aims to examine how academic trajectories and socioeconomic constraints affect the probability of university persistence. Given the hierarchical structure of the data, a multilevel logistic regression model was estimated, allowing the variability in the probability of persistence to be captured at both the individual and program levels. The results of the model show that the baseline probability of persistence for a student with average characteristics, enrolled in an average academic program, is 58.84%. At the individual level, university academic performance emerged as the main determinant of persistence, showing that higher academic averages are associated with a greater probability of continuation. Obtaining admission in the first-choice application and a higher entrance score also increased the probability of persistence, although with smaller marginal effects, suggesting that performance during the university trajectory is more relevant than prior academic capital. Likewise, household labor precariousness, older age, and being female were associated with a higher risk of non-persistence. At the institutional level, the average number of failed courses per academic program constituted the main risk factor, reflecting the structural effect of curricular rigor.Item EVALUACION ECONOMICA SOCIAL DEL SEGURO SOCIAL CAMPESINO EN EL AZUAY: ANALISIS DE UN CASO PRACTICO(Universidad de Cuenca. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, 1991) Durán Pinos, Antonio; Vásquez Vásquez, César; Jarrín O., PedroIn the structure of Ecuadorian society, we find diverse economic and ethnic groups, each with its own distinct characteristics. Among these, the peasantry stands out as one of the most socially, economically, and culturally marginalized groups. Thus, the State, through its institutions, provides protection and security to the population. Among these institutions, we can cite Social Security, which benefits limited sectors of the population with the aim of maintaining a stable workforce. It was in 1968 that rural workers and their families were taken into account, receiving benefits through the Peasant Social Security Pilot Plan.Item El impacto de la innovación local y la tecnología importada en el crecimiento económico de América Latina (2000-2023): Un análisis empírico basado en patentes, inversión en I+D e importaciones tecnológicas(Universidad de Cuenca. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, 2025-12-22) Gualán Sozoranga, Juan Ricardo; Quezada Quezada, Johanna Raquel; Cabrera Barbecho, Fanny NarcisaThis study analyzes the impact of endogenous and exogenous innovation on economic growth of fourteen Latin American countries during the period 2000-2023, using data from the World Bank, World Intellectual Property Organization, and Network for Science and Technology Indicators, and applying a Seemingly Unrelated Regression model to capture the simultaneous relationship between innovation and growth. The results show that endogenous innovation, measured by R&D spending, has a positive and significant effect on GDP per capita, although it is conditioned by structural factors such as human capital and technological absorption capacity, while patent applications are not statistically relevant due to the low level and concentration of patenting in the region. Exogenous innovation, represented by technology imports, has a positive and highly significant impact, constituting the main route to productive modernization in the short term. In addition, a bidirectional relationship between innovation and growth is confirmed, in which economic development drives investment in R&D and technology acquisition, which in turn feed back into growth. In conclusion, both modalities are fundamental, although with different time horizons.Item Análisis de redes sociales y una estrategia digital para la empresa “HVC- Pharma Cía. Ltda.”(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-09-24) Abril Alvarez, Daniela Katherine; Ayora Calle, Freddy Guillermo; Riera Castro, Luisa Mireya; Tenecota Bermeo, Ana Yadira; Valdez Campoverde, Pamela Alexandra; Rojas Luna, Rosa VanesaThis document provides a strategic assessment of the digital footprint of HVC-Pharma Cía.Ltda. focused on its activities in digital platforms: Facebook and Instagram; the company has extensive experience in the hospital, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and veterinary sectors, so it faces the ongoing challenge of building an effective connection with diverse audiences in an increasingly competitive and changing digital environment. The research is conducted using a combined method, merging quantitative research of indicators with comparative research of outstanding brands in each industry, with the aim of highlighting good practices and identifying opportunities that HVC-Pharma Cía. Ltda. is not yet taking advantage of. In addition to the technical evaluation, contextual factors have been considered such as trends in digital use, user behavior in social networks, through this analysis approach facilitates the understanding not only of the present actions of the company, but also what tactics are feasible and suitable for HVC-Pharma Cía. Ltda. based on the entire study the report proposes the implementation of digital strategies to expand its reach and strengthen its presence in the digital sector. The purpose of this report is to become a useful tool for decision making, providing an accurate guide to strengthen the presence of HVC-Pharma Cía. Ltda. in the digital arena and position it more effectively.Item Determinantes espaciales de la aglomeración de la población con educación terciaria en Ecuador(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-09-23) Jara Jarrín, Joseline Juliana; Vega Alvarez, Diego Reinaldo; Cordero Méndez, Fabián PatricioThis article examines the spatial concentration of individuals with third-level education in Ecuador's cantons for the year 2023 and analyzes the main socioeconomic, educational, and demographic factors driving this agglomeration. The study is based on demographic information from the 2022 CENSUS and the 2023 National Employment and Unemployment Survey (ENEMDU) provided by INEC, the State Attorney General's Office and SENESCYT. Based on the hypothesis that qualified human capital tends to concentrate in cantons that offer better living conditions and greater development opportunities, exploratory spatial analysis tools, Markov chains and a set of spatial econometric models (SAR, SEM, SDM, among others) are used to understand this national migration phenomenon. The results indicate that university infrastructure and labor income are determining factors in explaining the spatial agglomeration of qualified human capital, while the simulation with Markov chains reflects the existence of centralized migration trends of professionals from less developed provinces to cantons in the provinces of Azuay, Tungurahua, Pichincha and Guayas.Item La concentración financiera en Ecuador período 1980 - 1989(Universidad de Cuenca, 1990-11-11) Tobar Pesántez, Luis; Vázquez Hidalgo Juan Carlos; Espinoza, AnaItem Estudio de factibilidad para la creación de un DAY SPA en la ciudad de Azogues, período 2010-2014(Universidad de Cuenca, 2010-11-11) Aguirre Quezada, Juan Carlos; Flores Muñoz, María Cecilia; Peralta Vallejo, Ximena KatherineThe answer to the stress’s problems that confront habitants of the city and people in general is a Spa, and also it constitute a solution for every person who want to have in a good condition their beauty and health bodily. Moreover, the creation of this relaxation´s companies, contributes to solution another lasting problem in the society, which is the absence of employ. For that reason, for the present thesis we think as theme a feasibility study for the creation of a Day Spa in Azogues, which contains studies of: market, technical, administrative – legal, and economic – financial, with the purpose of collect information to determinate the possibility of realize this project. The study beginning with a diagnosis general of the actual situation of Azogues, we realized an analysis of the population, the economic, politic and social situation and other aspects relevant to the investigation. Azogues has all the basic services, necessaries for commence of any company, the communications are potentials and favorable, besides the strategic location is near to all the materials, supplies and equipment necessaries to implement this project; and without forget the most important aspect, the personnel, because the city has qualified professionals. Next, we observed all the concerning about the theoretic foundation of feasibility project, concepts that were applied on the final chapter, where we observed an unsatisfied demand for the service because the city doesn’t have the kind of this companies. Also, with the technical study we could determinate the terrain and the physical installations, as the equipment and materials necessaries for the spa’s development. In addition, there no found legal impediment for the project’s realization. Finally, the economic and financial study permitted us to shown investment’s feasibility.Item Construcción de un indicador para dar a conocer la calidad residencial de la población de adultos mayores en Ecuador: un análisis regional al año 2022(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-06-10) Morocho Morocho. Bryan Andrés; Rebolledo Sisalima, María del Carmen; Mendieta Muñoz, Luis RodrigoQuality of life is a multidimensional concept because it encompasses different physical, social, economic and other factors. Regarding older adults, the residence is a key factor since it provides a safe and comfortable environment, allowing them to have a healthy aging. The objective of this research was to analyze the residential situation of the country's gerontological population at the regional level; the methodology used consisted of the construction of a synthetic indicator at the cantonal level and the estimation of spatial econometric models to determine the factors that influence residential quality, the data were collected from the Population and Housing Census, National Institute of Statistics and Census, and Banco Centro del Ecuador for the year 2022. The results indicate the existence of spatial autocorrelation in the indicator, showing that in the cantons of the Coast and Amazon regions there is low residential quality, on the other hand, the most influential factors in the indicator were: GVA per capita, illiteracy rate and population density.Item Factores determinantes para la afiliación voluntaria a la seguridad social de profesionales libres y trabajadores informales. Estudio de corte transversal para la ciudad de Cuenca en 2023(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-04-28) Espinoza Terán, Paulina Fernanda; Ojeda Romero, Mateo Miguel; Cordero Méndez, Fabián PatricioThe research explores the determining factors of voluntary affiliation to social security among informal workers and self-employed professionals in Cuenca in 2023, using a binomial probability econometric model that unravels the complexities of the individual decision regarding social protection. Through a thorough information gathering via survey, the study reveals a multifaceted landscape where variables such as age, family influence, pension, lack of knowledge about benefits, and the time spent on the activity emerge as positive catalysts for voluntary affiliation. In contrast, factors such as age squared, service provision, the transportation sector, having debts, and household members act as barriers that reduce the likelihood of voluntary contributions. The results not only validate existing theoretical arguments but also provide critical insights for the design of more inclusive public policies, challenging traditional paradigms of social protection and offering a transformative perspective that encourages rethinking the mechanisms for integrating labor-vulnerable populations within the Ecuadorian context.Item Pobreza laboral a lo largo del ciclo económico, ciclo de vida y generaciones: evidencia para Ecuador periodo 2007-2022(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-04-24) Saca Buele, Gabriela Estefanía; Tigre Sari, David Andrés; Ontaneda Jiménez, Diego DannyThis study examines the influence of age, cohort, and economic cycle effects on the evolution of the in-work poverty rate in Ecuador from 2007 to 2022. Empirical results show that the in-work poverty rate without transfers (TPLST) exceeds the in-work poverty rate with transfers (TPLCT) by an average of 5.35 percentage points. The life cycle effect reveals a decreasing trend in in-work poverty, with an increase in middle and old age. The study also finds that the cohort effect is declining for newer generations, indicating lower in-work poverty levels than those of previous generations at the same age. Additionally, the results confirm the countercyclical nature of in-work poverty, as evidenced by a negative relationship between the period effect and the cyclical component of GDP. On average, structural disparities persist, mainly affecting informal workers, employees with low educational attainment, rural residents, and agricultural workers. These findings highlight the need to strengthen the labor market through policies that promote employment stability, job formalization, gender equity, and labor inclusion as key strategies to reduce in-work poverty.Item Análisis del endeudamiento y los costos de agencia en el Ecuador: el caso del sector manufacturero y comercial (2019-2022)(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-04-22) Cali Chillogalli, Daice Maricela; Sacaquirín Peralta, Álvaro Gabriel; Cabrera Barbecho, Fanny NarcisaThe divergence of interests between shareholders and managers plays a crucial role in a company's financing decisions. This conflict is known as agency costs. The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of agency costs, represented by managerial salaries and operating expenses, on capital structure and their impact on the debt level of commercial and manufacturing companies in Ecuador from 2019 to 2022. The analysis is based on data from the Structural Business Survey (ENESEM) and the Superintendency of Companies. Using a static panel data econometric model, the results present a balanced panel with fixed individual and temporal effects. The findings show that agency costs have a significant and negative impact on the level of indebtedness. The results validate the pecking order and agency theories, highlighting the need for effective internal strategies to align the interests of managers and shareholders.Item Determinantes del acceso y permanencia en la educación superior: un estudio aplicado a la Universidad de Cuenca(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-04-10) Carcelen Morales, Brandon Ismael; Jerez Idrovo, Michael Josué; Orellana Bravo, Mercy RaquelThis study analyzes the determinants of the academic performance of applicants to the University of Cuenca, measured through the application grade. Using a multilevel model, individual, socioeconomic and institutional factors that significantly affect performance were identified. The results reveal that students from private schools, those who do not belong to the poorest quintile, and those who show better study habits, such as dedicating time to reading and study hours, obtain higher performance. In addition, motivation in areas such as mathematics and science have a positive effect, as it is associated with the development of key cognitive skills. On the other hand, parental education, especially maternal education, also stands out as a determinant of academic performance. This work provides relevant evidence on educational inequalities and the factors that influence the grades of applicants, offering useful information for the design of policies that promote greater equity in access to higher education.Item La dimensión espacial de la pobreza por necesidades básicas insatisfechas en Ecuador. Un análisis para los años 2001, 2010 y 2022(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-02-18) Salazar Zari, Andrés Sebastián; Sanchez Guamán, Alex Fernando; Ontaneda Jiménez, Diego DannyThis paper analyses the spatial distribution of poverty in Ecuador during the period 2001-2022 using spatial econometric techniques. A notable, though insufficient, decrease in poverty measured by Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN) was found by 2022, with widespread persistence of deficiencies in terms of economic capacity and access to basic services. On the other hand, significant regional inequalities remain, with a high concentration of poverty in the coastal and Amazonian regions, while some areas of the Sierra experienced more sustained improvements. Poverty clustering was strengthened, with an increase in high poverty clusters and the consolidation of low poverty clusters in certain regions. This geographic pattern of poverty is supported by a significant increase in spatial autocorrelation by 2022. The explanatory factors of poverty showed that education was crucial for its reduction, although with indirect effects that increase poverty in neighbouring regions. Furthermore, the productive structure showed that the concentration of work in the primary and secondary sectors contributed to the increase in poverty, while the tertiary sector favoured its reduction. Labour informality was linked to a mitigation of local poverty, although there is evidence that its negative effects spread to neighbouring regions. These findings underline the spatial heterogeneity of poverty in Ecuador, and therefore, the need to implement targeted policies based on the characteristics of the territory in order to reduce regional deficiencies in the country.Item Remesas y consumo: un análisis comparativo entre países de ingresos bajos y medios(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-02-17) Sacta Saraguro, Cristel Nicole; Mendieta Muñoz, Luis RodrigoIn recent years, remittances have been a significant source of income for Latin American countries, having an impact on the national economy. However, the effects of remittances on a country's growth may be different in the long term depending on its GDP per capita. In this context, we seek to analyze and provide empirical evidence on the effects of remittances on key economic variables, such as economic growth, considering 16 low and middle income countries in Latin America between 1990 and 2020, and to provide a specific and contextualized analysis to understand the particularities of each country and the possible differences in the impacts of remittances.Item Corrupción: un análisis experimental aplicado en la ciudad de Cuenca(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-02-11) Argudo Chamba, Kevin Alexis; Sarmiento Jara, Juan PabloThis research evaluated the impact of risk aversion and uncertainty on the propensity to engage in corrupt behavior through the decisions made by 96 participants in an intervention at the Experimental Economics Laboratory of the University of Cuenca. The illicit act was delimited through the decisions made by the subjects to violate an established rule in order to obtain an additional individual economic benefit. In addition, the participants were labeled according to a corruption predisposition index to analyze its impact on the propensity to engage in corrupt behavior, together with the aforementioned factors. The results were that a greater risk aversion and a greater degree of uncertainty can decrease the probability of engaging in this illicit act, while a higher corruption predisposition index increases the propensity to engage in this fraudulent activity.Item Jóvenes NiNi en Ecuador: Un análisis de sus características principales, heterogeneidades y transiciones en las principales ciudades(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-02-07) Arce Maldonado, Erika Vanessa; Loja Villalta, Alfredo Alexander; Mendieta Muñoz, Luis RodrigoThe NEET phenomenon (young people who neither study nor work) represents a global challenge that especially affects Latin America, including Ecuador, where 19.8% of young people between 15 and 29 years of age belong to this group. This article analyzes the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics that affect this group, as well as the existing internal heterogeneities, since the literature defines three subgroups: Active (in search of employment), Inactive (economically inactive) and Pure (without activity or search). For this purpose, data from the National Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment (ENEMDU) for the period 2007-2023 were used, together with the application of binary and multiple choice econometric models, corrected by selective truncation using the Heckman method, to differentiate the NEET’s subgroups. It was concluded that low-income women with less education are more likely to belong to this group, with a higher incidence in urban areas and among vulnerable groups such as Afro- Ecuadorians; additionally, this probability is reduced when residing in provincial capitals, while receiving the Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) increases it. Regarding the subcategories, it is evident that the Inactive is composed of indigenous and married women, mainly exercising domestic roles, while the Active is characterized by single men who generally face barriers in the labor market and educational system.