Economía-Pregrado

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://dspace-test.ucuenca.edu.ec/handle/123456789/79

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 915

Análisis de redes sociales y una estrategia digital para la empresa “HVC- Pharma Cía. Ltda.”
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-09-24) Abril Alvarez, Daniela Katherine; Ayora Calle, Freddy Guillermo; Riera Castro, Luisa Mireya; Tenecota Bermeo, Ana Yadira; Valdez Campoverde, Pamela Alexandra; Rojas Luna, Rosa Vanesa
This document provides a strategic assessment of the digital footprint of HVC-Pharma Cía.Ltda. focused on its activities in digital platforms: Facebook and Instagram; the company has extensive experience in the hospital, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and veterinary sectors, so it faces the ongoing challenge of building an effective connection with diverse audiences in an increasingly competitive and changing digital environment. The research is conducted using a combined method, merging quantitative research of indicators with comparative research of outstanding brands in each industry, with the aim of highlighting good practices and identifying opportunities that HVC-Pharma Cía. Ltda. is not yet taking advantage of. In addition to the technical evaluation, contextual factors have been considered such as trends in digital use, user behavior in social networks, through this analysis approach facilitates the understanding not only of the present actions of the company, but also what tactics are feasible and suitable for HVC-Pharma Cía. Ltda. based on the entire study the report proposes the implementation of digital strategies to expand its reach and strengthen its presence in the digital sector. The purpose of this report is to become a useful tool for decision making, providing an accurate guide to strengthen the presence of HVC-Pharma Cía. Ltda. in the digital arena and position it more effectively.
Determinantes espaciales de la aglomeración de la población con educación terciaria en Ecuador
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-09-23) Jara Jarrín, Joseline Juliana; Vega Alvarez, Diego Reinaldo; Cordero Méndez, Fabián Patricio
This article examines the spatial concentration of individuals with third-level education in Ecuador's cantons for the year 2023 and analyzes the main socioeconomic, educational, and demographic factors driving this agglomeration. The study is based on demographic information from the 2022 CENSUS and the 2023 National Employment and Unemployment Survey (ENEMDU) provided by INEC, the State Attorney General's Office and SENESCYT. Based on the hypothesis that qualified human capital tends to concentrate in cantons that offer better living conditions and greater development opportunities, exploratory spatial analysis tools, Markov chains and a set of spatial econometric models (SAR, SEM, SDM, among others) are used to understand this national migration phenomenon. The results indicate that university infrastructure and labor income are determining factors in explaining the spatial agglomeration of qualified human capital, while the simulation with Markov chains reflects the existence of centralized migration trends of professionals from less developed provinces to cantons in the provinces of Azuay, Tungurahua, Pichincha and Guayas.
La concentración financiera en Ecuador período 1980 - 1989
(Universidad de Cuenca, 1990-11-11) Tobar Pesántez, Luis; Vázquez Hidalgo Juan Carlos; Espinoza, Ana
Estudio de factibilidad para la creación de un DAY SPA en la ciudad de Azogues, período 2010-2014
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2010-11-11) Aguirre Quezada, Juan Carlos; Flores Muñoz, María Cecilia; Peralta Vallejo, Ximena Katherine
The answer to the stress’s problems that confront habitants of the city and people in general is a Spa, and also it constitute a solution for every person who want to have in a good condition their beauty and health bodily. Moreover, the creation of this relaxation´s companies, contributes to solution another lasting problem in the society, which is the absence of employ. For that reason, for the present thesis we think as theme a feasibility study for the creation of a Day Spa in Azogues, which contains studies of: market, technical, administrative – legal, and economic – financial, with the purpose of collect information to determinate the possibility of realize this project. The study beginning with a diagnosis general of the actual situation of Azogues, we realized an analysis of the population, the economic, politic and social situation and other aspects relevant to the investigation. Azogues has all the basic services, necessaries for commence of any company, the communications are potentials and favorable, besides the strategic location is near to all the materials, supplies and equipment necessaries to implement this project; and without forget the most important aspect, the personnel, because the city has qualified professionals. Next, we observed all the concerning about the theoretic foundation of feasibility project, concepts that were applied on the final chapter, where we observed an unsatisfied demand for the service because the city doesn’t have the kind of this companies. Also, with the technical study we could determinate the terrain and the physical installations, as the equipment and materials necessaries for the spa’s development. In addition, there no found legal impediment for the project’s realization. Finally, the economic and financial study permitted us to shown investment’s feasibility.
Construcción de un indicador para dar a conocer la calidad residencial de la población de adultos mayores en Ecuador: un análisis regional al año 2022
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-06-10) Morocho Morocho. Bryan Andrés; Rebolledo Sisalima, María del Carmen; Mendieta Muñoz, Luis Rodrigo
Quality of life is a multidimensional concept because it encompasses different physical, social, economic and other factors. Regarding older adults, the residence is a key factor since it provides a safe and comfortable environment, allowing them to have a healthy aging. The objective of this research was to analyze the residential situation of the country's gerontological population at the regional level; the methodology used consisted of the construction of a synthetic indicator at the cantonal level and the estimation of spatial econometric models to determine the factors that influence residential quality, the data were collected from the Population and Housing Census, National Institute of Statistics and Census, and Banco Centro del Ecuador for the year 2022. The results indicate the existence of spatial autocorrelation in the indicator, showing that in the cantons of the Coast and Amazon regions there is low residential quality, on the other hand, the most influential factors in the indicator were: GVA per capita, illiteracy rate and population density.
Factores determinantes para la afiliación voluntaria a la seguridad social de profesionales libres y trabajadores informales. Estudio de corte transversal para la ciudad de Cuenca en 2023
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-04-28) Espinoza Terán, Paulina Fernanda; Ojeda Romero, Mateo Miguel; Cordero Méndez, Fabián Patricio
The research explores the determining factors of voluntary affiliation to social security among informal workers and self-employed professionals in Cuenca in 2023, using a binomial probability econometric model that unravels the complexities of the individual decision regarding social protection. Through a thorough information gathering via survey, the study reveals a multifaceted landscape where variables such as age, family influence, pension, lack of knowledge about benefits, and the time spent on the activity emerge as positive catalysts for voluntary affiliation. In contrast, factors such as age squared, service provision, the transportation sector, having debts, and household members act as barriers that reduce the likelihood of voluntary contributions. The results not only validate existing theoretical arguments but also provide critical insights for the design of more inclusive public policies, challenging traditional paradigms of social protection and offering a transformative perspective that encourages rethinking the mechanisms for integrating labor-vulnerable populations within the Ecuadorian context.
Pobreza laboral a lo largo del ciclo económico, ciclo de vida y generaciones: evidencia para Ecuador periodo 2007-2022
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-04-24) Saca Buele, Gabriela Estefanía; Tigre Sari, David Andrés; Ontaneda Jiménez, Diego Danny
This study examines the influence of age, cohort, and economic cycle effects on the evolution of the in-work poverty rate in Ecuador from 2007 to 2022. Empirical results show that the in-work poverty rate without transfers (TPLST) exceeds the in-work poverty rate with transfers (TPLCT) by an average of 5.35 percentage points. The life cycle effect reveals a decreasing trend in in-work poverty, with an increase in middle and old age. The study also finds that the cohort effect is declining for newer generations, indicating lower in-work poverty levels than those of previous generations at the same age. Additionally, the results confirm the countercyclical nature of in-work poverty, as evidenced by a negative relationship between the period effect and the cyclical component of GDP. On average, structural disparities persist, mainly affecting informal workers, employees with low educational attainment, rural residents, and agricultural workers. These findings highlight the need to strengthen the labor market through policies that promote employment stability, job formalization, gender equity, and labor inclusion as key strategies to reduce in-work poverty.
Análisis del endeudamiento y los costos de agencia en el Ecuador: el caso del sector manufacturero y comercial (2019-2022)
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-04-22) Cali Chillogalli, Daice Maricela; Sacaquirín Peralta, Álvaro Gabriel; Cabrera Barbecho, Fanny Narcisa
The divergence of interests between shareholders and managers plays a crucial role in a company's financing decisions. This conflict is known as agency costs. The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of agency costs, represented by managerial salaries and operating expenses, on capital structure and their impact on the debt level of commercial and manufacturing companies in Ecuador from 2019 to 2022. The analysis is based on data from the Structural Business Survey (ENESEM) and the Superintendency of Companies. Using a static panel data econometric model, the results present a balanced panel with fixed individual and temporal effects. The findings show that agency costs have a significant and negative impact on the level of indebtedness. The results validate the pecking order and agency theories, highlighting the need for effective internal strategies to align the interests of managers and shareholders.
Determinantes del acceso y permanencia en la educación superior: un estudio aplicado a la Universidad de Cuenca
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-04-10) Carcelen Morales, Brandon Ismael; Jerez Idrovo, Michael Josué; Orellana Bravo, Mercy Raquel
This study analyzes the determinants of the academic performance of applicants to the University of Cuenca, measured through the application grade. Using a multilevel model, individual, socioeconomic and institutional factors that significantly affect performance were identified. The results reveal that students from private schools, those who do not belong to the poorest quintile, and those who show better study habits, such as dedicating time to reading and study hours, obtain higher performance. In addition, motivation in areas such as mathematics and science have a positive effect, as it is associated with the development of key cognitive skills. On the other hand, parental education, especially maternal education, also stands out as a determinant of academic performance. This work provides relevant evidence on educational inequalities and the factors that influence the grades of applicants, offering useful information for the design of policies that promote greater equity in access to higher education.
La dimensión espacial de la pobreza por necesidades básicas insatisfechas en Ecuador. Un análisis para los años 2001, 2010 y 2022
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-02-18) Salazar Zari, Andrés Sebastián; Sanchez Guamán, Alex Fernando; Ontaneda Jiménez, Diego Danny
This paper analyses the spatial distribution of poverty in Ecuador during the period 2001-2022 using spatial econometric techniques. A notable, though insufficient, decrease in poverty measured by Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN) was found by 2022, with widespread persistence of deficiencies in terms of economic capacity and access to basic services. On the other hand, significant regional inequalities remain, with a high concentration of poverty in the coastal and Amazonian regions, while some areas of the Sierra experienced more sustained improvements. Poverty clustering was strengthened, with an increase in high poverty clusters and the consolidation of low poverty clusters in certain regions. This geographic pattern of poverty is supported by a significant increase in spatial autocorrelation by 2022. The explanatory factors of poverty showed that education was crucial for its reduction, although with indirect effects that increase poverty in neighbouring regions. Furthermore, the productive structure showed that the concentration of work in the primary and secondary sectors contributed to the increase in poverty, while the tertiary sector favoured its reduction. Labour informality was linked to a mitigation of local poverty, although there is evidence that its negative effects spread to neighbouring regions. These findings underline the spatial heterogeneity of poverty in Ecuador, and therefore, the need to implement targeted policies based on the characteristics of the territory in order to reduce regional deficiencies in the country.
Remesas y consumo: un análisis comparativo entre países de ingresos bajos y medios
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-02-17) Sacta Saraguro, Cristel Nicole; Mendieta Muñoz, Luis Rodrigo
In recent years, remittances have been a significant source of income for Latin American countries, having an impact on the national economy. However, the effects of remittances on a country's growth may be different in the long term depending on its GDP per capita. In this context, we seek to analyze and provide empirical evidence on the effects of remittances on key economic variables, such as economic growth, considering 16 low and middle income countries in Latin America between 1990 and 2020, and to provide a specific and contextualized analysis to understand the particularities of each country and the possible differences in the impacts of remittances.
Corrupción: un análisis experimental aplicado en la ciudad de Cuenca
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-02-11) Argudo Chamba, Kevin Alexis; Sarmiento Jara, Juan Pablo
This research evaluated the impact of risk aversion and uncertainty on the propensity to engage in corrupt behavior through the decisions made by 96 participants in an intervention at the Experimental Economics Laboratory of the University of Cuenca. The illicit act was delimited through the decisions made by the subjects to violate an established rule in order to obtain an additional individual economic benefit. In addition, the participants were labeled according to a corruption predisposition index to analyze its impact on the propensity to engage in corrupt behavior, together with the aforementioned factors. The results were that a greater risk aversion and a greater degree of uncertainty can decrease the probability of engaging in this illicit act, while a higher corruption predisposition index increases the propensity to engage in this fraudulent activity.
Jóvenes NiNi en Ecuador: Un análisis de sus características principales, heterogeneidades y transiciones en las principales ciudades
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-02-07) Arce Maldonado, Erika Vanessa; Loja Villalta, Alfredo Alexander; Mendieta Muñoz, Luis Rodrigo
The NEET phenomenon (young people who neither study nor work) represents a global challenge that especially affects Latin America, including Ecuador, where 19.8% of young people between 15 and 29 years of age belong to this group. This article analyzes the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics that affect this group, as well as the existing internal heterogeneities, since the literature defines three subgroups: Active (in search of employment), Inactive (economically inactive) and Pure (without activity or search). For this purpose, data from the National Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment (ENEMDU) for the period 2007-2023 were used, together with the application of binary and multiple choice econometric models, corrected by selective truncation using the Heckman method, to differentiate the NEET’s subgroups. It was concluded that low-income women with less education are more likely to belong to this group, with a higher incidence in urban areas and among vulnerable groups such as Afro- Ecuadorians; additionally, this probability is reduced when residing in provincial capitals, while receiving the Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) increases it. Regarding the subcategories, it is evident that the Inactive is composed of indigenous and married women, mainly exercising domestic roles, while the Active is characterized by single men who generally face barriers in the labor market and educational system.
Determinantes económicos y demográficos de los delitos por robo en un país en desarrollo: un análisis regional en Ecuador
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-02-06) Quituisaca Chimbo, Fabián Marcelo; Rivera Andrade, Erick David; Cabrera Barbecho, Fanny Narcisa
In recent years, Ecuador has faced security problems, highlighting an increase in theft crimes as of 2018, particularly in the cantons of the Coast, while in other cantons crimes are lower. This situation evidences heterogeneity among the different regions of the country. Therefore, this study focuses on analyzing the economic and demographic determinants of theft crimes, focusing on variables such as Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN) poverty, inequality, drug trafficking, migration and formal employment, using canton-level data corresponding to 2022. Census data and data from the Attorney General's Office are used, which are evaluated through an Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis and spatial econometric models. The results show that robbery crimes do not occur randomly, but tend to cluster in geographic areas. In addition, a spatial contagion effect is observed: cantons close to those with high levels of theft crimes are also affected. At the cantonal level, we find that drug trafficking and immigration increase theft, while extreme poverty measured by UBN has the opposite effect, reducing crime, which can be explained by factors such as the opportunity effect and social cohesion dynamics. In general, poverty increases the incidence of robbery, while greater formal employment acts as a protective factor, decreasing the occurrence of these crimes.
Evolución de la recaudación tributaria y su relación con el ciclo económico bajo el cambio de regímenes de Markov
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-02-07) Baculima Cuesta, Patricio Miguel; Galarza Molina, Erick Bolívar; Ontaneda Jiménez, Diego Danny
Tax collection depends on the level of economic activity; in turn, booms and busts in output can cause asymmetric impacts on tax collection. This research focuses on analyzing the relationship between GDP and the collection of representative taxes in the Ecuadorian economy during the period 2000-2023, using the Markov – Switching methodology that generates models that consider stochastic changes in the series, obtaining information on the regimes of the business cycles and their probabilities of state changes as a consequence of external shocks. The results obtained show expansion and recession states for the four taxes. Specifically, for the collection of income tax, a more recurrent and robust deceleration regime is found, being a highly persistent state, with the collection of the direct tax falling constantly in its business cycle. In the case of indirect taxes (VAT, ICE, IA), the growth state varies in magnitude but exhibits a pattern of persistence and longer duration in relation to the recession state, which would indicate that the collection of these taxes would increase in a sustained manner over time, with few possibilities of transition. The application of the methodology and the calculation of transition probabilities allows contributing with elements that reduce fiscal uncertainty and improve the quantitative analysis of the tax system.
Impacto de las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito en la rentabilidad de la banca ecuatoriana. ¿amenaza u oportunidad?
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-12-17) Blandín Pérez, Evelyn Nataly; Yadaicela García, Cristian Polivio; Maldonado Arias, Fernando Guillermo
The purpose of this research is to examine the impact that the growth of savings and credit cooperatives has on the profitability of private banks, using three key indicators: ROA, ROE, and gross interest margin. In addition, the effects on the main sources of income and expenses of commercial banks were analyzed. The research was based on an annual database of 22 Ecuadorian commercial banks, collected between 2015 and 2022. For the analysis, a dynamic panel estimation was used using three estimators: the difference estimator, the systems estimator, and the Roodman estimator. The main results reveal that the growth of the cooperative sector has had a positive effect on the profitability of banks, demonstrating a complementary relationship between both financial institutions. This is because cooperatives can serve market segments neglected by traditional banking, such as micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as lowincome households. Although the impact of cooperatives on bank revenues is not conclusive, a negative impact on bank expenses has been observed. When analyzing this effect by bank size, it was found that only large banks benefit from such complementarity. This shows that the presence of cooperatives acts as a catalyst that drives banks to improve their operational efficiency. Therefore, cooperatives are strengthening a healthier, more competitive and efficient financial system.
Influencia de la educación pública en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de educación básica y media en el Ecuador Un análisis de los resultados alcanzados en el examen SER ESTUDIANTE entre los años 2013 - 2022
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-10-23) Cuenca Parra, Andrea Esther; Mendoza Valencia, César Andrés
This study is focused on determining whether studying in a public education center has a differentiated impact on the academic performance of the student with respect to private education centers in Ecuador, therefore, the outcome variable will be student scores in public and private institutions of basic and secondary education in the standardized tests "Ser Estudiante" for the years 2013 - 2022. At the individual level, using as a variable the PSE score, overall and by subject, to calculate the differential between the scores of students in public institutions and private institutions in the country, and at the provincial level to determine the existence of patterns and/or spatial differences regarding the academic performance of students who took the test. The Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Coarsened Exact Matching (CEM) techniques were used to make the estimates, as well as spatial analysis using the Moran Index. The results show that studying in a public institution has a negative impact on the scores of students who took the "Ser Estudiante" test. In addition, the spatial analysis allowed us to identify spatial patterns and differences at the provincial level in the results that highlight the existence of geographic variations in the academic performance of students, suggesting the influence of spatial factors on educational performance.
Desempleo regional en el Ecuador: el papel de la heterogeneidad espacial en el desempleo a nivel cantonal para el Ecuador 2001 y 2010
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2021-07-07) Alvarez Guillen, Violeta Alexandra; Largo Largo, Christian Iván; Mendoza Valencia, César Andrés
This study uses the 2001 and 2010 population and housing censuses with information from 213 cantons and 4 non-delimited areas of Ecuador to analyze the determining factors that affect unemployment. In developing the proposal, cross-sectional models and panel data are used, and a spatial panel data methodology is emphasized to find these determinants, as well as the spillover effects of unemployment. The variables considered are related to the productive and commercial structure, the demographic characteristics and those of knowledge. The main findings show the existence of spatial autocorrelation, which suggests that the unemployment rate of a canton is also defined by the rates of its neighboring cantons through the spill-over effect that, if not considered, would create biases in the estimates, showing the suitability of a spatial methodology. Regarding the determinants, it was found that the cantonal unemployment level is determined by variables of the productive structure such as the proportion of people belonging to the Economically Active Population who work in the agricultural, commercial, industrial and construction sectors, as well as the variables demographics of racial minorities, Afro-Ecuadorians and indigenous people, the proportion of young people between 15 and 25 years old; and finally, the variables related to the academic level of its population: illiteracy, high school education and the proportion of people with a university degree. The contribution that emerges from this research is related to the need to implement labor policies that consider these aspects of regional heterogeneity in the unemployment rate in order to dissipate these differences.
Determinación de los factores económicos, financieros y sociales que establecen el funcionamiento de la cadena de producción de leche cruda en las comunidades de Babarcote, Caguanapamba, Charon Ventanas, Chocarpamba, Quilloac y Sisid de la provincia de Cañar Periodo 2023
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-09-12) Palacios Pantoja, Dolly Marcela; Jaramillo Carrillo, Yocasta Lisbeth; Cordero Méndez, Fabián Patricio
The small milk producer lacks technical tools that allow him to establish a clear context of the performance of his productive activity. Faced with this problem, in this integrative project we study the factors that establish the operation of the raw milk production chain in the province of Cañar. To this end, a study is carried out with a sample of 123 milk producers in the communities of Babarcote, Caguanapamba, Charon Ventanas, Quilloac and Sisid belonging to the Cantons: Biblián, Cañar and El Tambo for the period 2023; through the methodology developed by the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ), value links14, and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) for the analysis of the milk production chain in these communities. With respect to the above, it was possible to determine a production cost of $0.33 cents per liter of milk in the communities; on the other hand, it was possible to establish that the factors that determine the functioning of the milk production chain, in terms of social child: the organizational capacity of the communities and the low generational change; In terms of finance, they are: the low capacity to record daily financial activities and the family workforce, which is largely made up of women, and in terms of economics, they are: the strong dispersion of producers, fostering opportunistic attitudes of economic actors. . and a shaky commercial and productive network.
Afectan los flujos de remesas internacionales a las decisiones de los hogares ecuatorianos en el mercado laboral?: evidencia empírica bajo un enfoque distribucional
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022-03-14) Elizalde Lima, Kerly Katiusca; Orellana Ramírez, Juan Luis; Mendoza Valencia, César Andrés
This research seeks to find the impact of remittances on the labor market under a distributional approach, where it is expected that there will be a heterogeneous effect in the sample and that it will be much more pronounced in the lower percentiles. For this, the Quantile Regression technique is applied, where the effect of remittances on the distribution of labor income and hours worked is estimated. To reduce the presence of selection bias in the estimates, the data was matched through observable variables using Propensity Score Matching and Coarsened Exact Matching. The source of information used corresponds to the National Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment prepared by the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses for the period 2015-2020. The results show the presence of a homogeneous effect through the distribution of hours worked, while for labor income differences were found along the distribution, the impact of remittances being stronger in the initial percentiles.

Browse

Recent Submissions