Browsing by Author "Sarmiento Moscoso, Luis Santiago"

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A case study of learning styles of older adults attending an English course
(2017) Mora Reino, Juan Fernando
The education of older adults is of special interest to instructors and researchers involved in lifelong education. There is not an overabundance of research in the area of the learning styles of this age group, and the exploration of it might produce significant insights about materials and methodologies that may meet their learning needs successfully. This study analyses the learning styles preferred by a group of older adults in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador. Sixty-six participants (with an average age of 71.05) taking English as a foreign language course responded to the 44-item questionnaire on learning styles by Felder & Soloman (1997). The information of the respondents using statistical and correlation analyses permitted to define the prevailing learning styles and its relation with the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants. The results indicate that older adults express preference for the sensing, active, visual, and sequential styles, being people who tend to work better with facts rather than theories. They also like teamwork, prefer images to sounds, and are methodical in their learning process. In addition, the results reveal the positive correlation of the variables age, level of English, and level of education and occupation before retirement. The two last-mentioned were found to be determinant in the preferences of the participants
Análisis de la pobreza multidimensional de la parroquia San Vicente, cantón El Pan, provincia del Azuay en el año 2017
(2019) Maldonado Vélez, Evelin Isaura; Sarmiento Moscoso, Luis Santiago
Multidimensional poverty has been positioned as the measure to assess the deprivations that a society has. Therefore, the objective of the research is to build the multidimensional poverty index in the rural parish of San Vicente of district El Pan in 2017. To do this. An information survey is made to the homes of the San Vicente parish. To generate the measurement of multidimensional poverty, the Alkire Foster methodology is used, which is composed of four dimensions that measure education, deprivation, job, health, and housing. Additional dimensions called partner connectivity, participation agency are included, affective states, and subjective well-being, in a way that allows to measure poverty in an integral way. Based on the construction of the index, the multidimensional poverty rate is determined, the extreme poverty rate, the indicators that contribute the most to multidimensional poverty in the analyzed territory and the intensity of poverty is analyzed. The main findings indicate that in the rural parish of San Vicente of district El Pan reach a multidimensional poverty of 67.02%, the extreme poverty rate 25.53% and the intensity poverty of 45.92%.The dimensions that contribute the most that IPM are: subjective well-being (25.92%); partner connectivity, participation and agency (23.68%); and affective states (19.62%).
Análisis de la sostenibilidad de la deuda pública externa del Ecuador durante el periodo 2000-2022
(2023) Sarmiento Moscoso, Luis Santiago; Ortiz Remache, Ana Carolina; Quizhpi Pastuizaca, Jennyfer Isabel
At the last few years, both the level of indebtedness and interest rates have increased considerably in the country, generating concern in the economy, especially regarding the limitation of public resources that could be generated. Therefore, the present study analyzes the sustainability of the external public debt in the period 2000-2020. To this end, an autoregressive model of debt has been estimated, which includes variables of income, debt and expenses, as well as the estimated a set of indicators, such as the Primary Gap, Blanchard, Debt / GDP ratio, among others. The results indicate that the debt is weakly sustainable and the adjustment coefficient estimates that approximately 27% of the imbalances in the short term are being corrected in the subsequent period towards the long-term trajectory. Therefore, it is important to renegotiate interest rates to reduce the commitment acquired for debt service, especially since 2014 and, thereby, free up resources to meet the socio-economic needs of the population
Análisis de los determinantes del trabajo juvenil en el Ecuador periodo 2007- 2023
(Universidad de Cuenca. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, 2025-10-31) Montero Bermeo, Paúl Andrés; Sarmiento Moscoso, Luis Santiago
Youth employment in Ecuador has undergone significant changes between 2007 and 2023 with a decline following the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examines the determinants that influence the employment condition of young people aged 18 to 29 using a quantitative approach based on data from the Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Subempleo y Desempleo (ENEMDU) and the estimation of binary logit models for the years 2007, 2019, 2021 and 2023. Sociodemographic variables such as gender, marital status, educational level, being head of household, and age were studied, characterized at three levels: national, major cities, and the rest of the country. The results show that being male, living with a partner, being head of household, and being older within the analyzed range increase the probability of employment, while higher education in certain cases indicated a lower probability of employment, exposing a gap with the labor market. At the national level, men were up to 1,93 times more likely to be employed than women; in major cities, being the head of household was the most influential variable, with 3,5 times greater likelihood of employment in 2021; in the rest of the country, being in a relationship increased the likelihood of employment by 2,015 times in 2023. It is concluded that the effects of these influential determinants on youth employment must be addressed with relevant public policies according to the characteristics of each territory with gender equity, educational coherence, and labor inclusion.
Análisis del comportamiento del gasto en los hogares ecuatorianos por estrato socioeconómico: aplicación de un sistema casi ideal de demanda (AIDS) 2011-2012
(2017) Andrade Peralta, María Augusta; Reyes Molina, Melida Maricela; Sarmiento Moscoso, Luis Santiago
This research studies the consumption structure of Ecuadorian households, with the objective of analyzing the levels of sensitivity and substitution of products, especially when the changes in prices of goods and income of individuals are generated, through the analysis of the expenditure elasticity, uncompensated elasticity and compensated elasticity of demand. For the estimation se the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), that is a complete system of equations and meets the constraints of economic theory. The data for the empirical analysis are cross-sectional data obtained from the Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares Urbanos y Rurales (ENIGHUR) 2011-2012, get by INEC. According to the descriptive data, in the Low (B), Middle Low (C-) and Typical Medium (C+) strata, the highest expenditure entry is in Food and non-alcoholic beverages, while the families belonging to the strata Middle High (B) and High (A) allocate the largest proportion of their spending to transportation. The main results of the elasticity’s estimated for the twelve groups of consumption indicate that in the five strata the sensitive is almost homogenous in the demand when changes in the prices of the goods are given. An important finding emerges for the group of rice, cereals, pasta and bread, it presents an inelastic demand in the Middle High and High strata, comparing it with other products whose demand is elastic, also it is evident that the consumption groups related to food are behave the substitutes.
Desarrollo financiero y desigualdad de ingresos: evidencia para América Latina
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2020-02-28) Lalvay Segovia, Byron Ramiro; Sarmiento Moscoso, Luis Santiago
This researh work analyzes the relationship between financial development and income inequality for an unbalanced data panel of seventeen Latin American countries during the period 1995-2016. For this, four dimensions of financial development are considered: depth, efficiency, stability and liberalization. Three types of analysis are performed, first of all it is studied if the four financial dimensions are linearly related to income inequality. Secondly, it is studied if the relationship between financial development and income inequality depends on the income level of the countries. Finally, it is investigated if the relationship between financial depth and income inequality can be explained by the non-linear hypothesis of Greenwood-Jovanovic. Using the GMM estimator from Arellano–Bover/Blundell–Bond, it is found that financial efficiency and stability help to reduce inequality, while financial depth and liberalization contribute to increasing it. The results also show that for high-income countries financial depth is positively related to inequality, while for high-middle-income countries it is negatively related. Finally Analyzing the depth dimension through the non-linear specification, it is found evidence in favor of the Greenwood-Jovanovic hypothesis that stands the relationship between financial development and income inequality has an inverted U-shape. Estimates are made by controlling factors such as public spending, years of schooling, trade openness, inflation and GDP per capita.
Determinantes de la diferencia salarial en el mercado laboral de Ecuador. Un estudio territorial
(2022) Sarmiento Moscoso, Luis Santiago
This article presents an analysis of the main determinants that affect the wage difference in the labor market for Ecuador in 2019, classifying the study into formal and informal workers. To carry out this study, wage differences are estimated through econometric decompositions based on data from the employment and unemployment survey for the five main cities of Ecuador. The applied methodology is based on reweighting techniques together with estimates of recentered influence function (RIF) models. Among the main findings, they show that the salary differences were justified by the characteristics of the individuals and by the productive structure. In addition, it is shown that Guayaquil is the city with the largest wage gap in the formal labor market, while in Cuenca, the largest differences in wage are registered in informal workers. The key factors that mainly explain the salary gap are: education, the size of the company and the branch of activity. This evidence shows the great job insecurity that exists in the different territories of Ecuador, highlighting the need for greater productive convergence driven by labor reforms that promote access to formal work and encourage private investment
Determinantes del empleo en el Ecuador en los años 2019 y 2021
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022-11-16) Gómez Ulloa, Pedro David; Rodas Avila, Bryam Estuardo; Sarmiento Moscoso, Luis Santiago
The present proposal intends to find out, analyze and interpret the main determining factors so that young people from 18 to 29 years of age have better probabilities of obtaining employment in Ecuador in the years 2019 and 2021. This through the use of the figures official data provided by the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses, published in the National Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment. In this sense, a model is developed with the ability to predict the probability of being employed based on different variables, for this, the Logit model established through the statistical application STATA is used as the best fit model for this analysis. The results obtained indicate that the variables that provide the greatest probability of being employed are sex, marital status, contribution to social security and per capita income for both periods of study objective
Efectos del ciclo económico en el crédito comercial y bancario: caso aplicado a las pymes ecuatorianas durante el periodo 2008-2019
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2021-10-15) Calderón Brito, Adrián Ismael; Quinde Quinde, Erika Carolina; Sarmiento Moscoso, Luis Santiago
This article aims to study the effects of the economic cycle on trade and bank credit, and also seeks to determine the relationship between these two credits, in the case of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Ecuador. First, when analyzing the economic cycle of Ecuador during the period 2008 - 2019 through the application of the modified HP filter, the results indicate a procyclical relationship between GDP, trade credit and bank credit. Second, when using the fixed effects estimator with instrumental variables, a substitute relationship is found between trade credit and bank credit, and this relationship persists. All company factors considered are found to be significant and relevant for SMEs. Finally, in a comparison with large companies, it is found that the main relationships are maintained. Therefore, it is concluded that commercial credit is important for SMEs and acts as a savior, since less access to bank credit, trade credit operates more dynamically in companies, especially if they are young companies. However, large companies benefit to a greater extent from trade and bank credit. The report of this research suggests implementing measures that facilitate access to credit for companies, especially in times of economic contraction.
Estudio de la relación entre el coste del suelo y la vulnerabilidad. Efectos sobre los patrones de ocupación. Cuenca (Ecuador)
(Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, Generalitat Valenciana, 2021) Sarmiento Moscoso, Luis Santiago
Since the end of the 80s of the last century, in cities and metropolitan areas, both worldwide and in Latin America, there have been important changes in their configuration, as a result of demographic changes (vegetative and / or migratory), political, economic, restructuring of the State, etc .; supported by a socio-economic development governed by the market. It has been from the second half of the 20th century when the growth of cities in the world has experienced its greatest increase. 54% of the current world population resides in urban areas and this figure is expected to reach 60% by 2030, according to United Nations data (UN, 2019).
Evidence About the Moral Hazard in the Ecuadorian Health System
(2017) Orellana Bravo, Mercy Raquel; Piedra Peña, Juan Andres; Sarmiento Moscoso, Luis Santiago
Evolución de la desigualdad de ingresos en Ecuador, perıodo 2007-2015
(2017) Sarmiento Moscoso, Luis Santiago
Históricamente Ecuador se ha ubicado entre los países con mayor desigualdad en la distribución de la renta en América Latina. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la evolución de la desigualdad de ingresos, a nivel nacional y regional, en el período 2007-2015 sobre la base de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo y Desempleo del Ecuador. Para ello se calcula el índice de Gini del ingreso de los hogares, utilizando la metodología de la OCDE, que es algo diferente a la comúnmente utilizada. Adicionalmente, mediante la descomposición de Larraz (2016), se mide el nivel de contribución de los territorios a la desigualdad total; se complementan los resultados con el cálculo del índice de Atkinson e índice de Theil. Por último, se analiza las brechas salariales existentes entre hombres y mujeres. Los resultados confirman que las diferencias salariales se justifican por la presencia de discriminación a la mujer en el sistema laboral ecuatoriano.
¿Influyen los centros de desarrollo infantil en la renta salarial de las madres en el Ecuador para los años 2012 y 2018?
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-05-17) Bermeo Jiménez, Adriana Cecibel; Sarmiento Moscoso, Luis Santiago
Programs that provide child care services are the basis for women's economic empowerment. This study evaluates the impact of the Buen Vivir Child Care Centers (CIBV), in Ecuador, on mothers' labor income in the years 2012 and 2018. For this purpose, the quasi-experimental technique Propensity Score Matching (PSM) or matched groups is used based on the socioeconomic information of the beneficiary population, available in the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT). In first instance, the results show that the children who participate in the CIBV program come from mothers who raise their children alone, belong to an ethnic minority, have less education, live in rural areas, especially in the Sierra or Amazon regions, and live under conditions of poverty. In second instance, the results detect a positive impact of the program on the mothers' labor income, in both study periods, but in a higher proportion for mothers from poor households in 2012. In conclusion, the study finds empirical evidence on the existence of self-focusing mechanisms and the success of the implementation of social child care programs on the economic well-being of the most vulnerable population.
La eficiencia técnica en los sistemas de salud y su respuesta ante la pandemia COVID-19: un análisis de las tasas de mortalidad
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022-03-24) Suin Guaraca, Luis Heriberto; Sarmiento Moscoso, Luis Santiago
The COVID-19 pandemic brought consequences, many of them irreparable, especially in the field of health, causing an unusual mortality rate in the population. The objective of this analysis is to determine the existence of a causal relationship and the level of incidence of the Technical Efficiency of Health Systems in response to the mortality caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, applying the DEA methodology and the OLS adjustment methods, MCG and MC2E. 108 countries were considered divided into two groups according to per capita health spending and whose data were obtained from the World Bank. Among the main results, it was found that an increase of 1% in the Technical Efficiency of the health systems of the countries analyzed, would decrease between 61 and 127 deaths from Covid per hundred thousand inhabitants, concluding that the efficiency of spending is transcendental, not only in the prevention of deaths but mainly in guaranteeing the universal right of the population to free access to the services of the health systems.
Midiendo la desigualdad y el nivel de riqueza: una aplicación para Ecuador
(2021) Sarmiento Moscoso, Luis Santiago
Currently, the metric of economic development has increasingly positioned the use of assets to represent household wealth. In this sense, the objective of this article is to construct an alternative index whose main characteristic is the use of assets owned by the household, thus complementing the traditional indicators based solely on income or expenditure. Therefore, it is about contributing to the academic debate about the validity of development indices to capture complex socioeconomic realities. In order to assess the robustness of the results, a Wealth Index is constructed for Ecuador, using two different surveys: the National Survey of Employment and Unemployment (ENEMDU), rounds 2011 and 2017 and the Survey of Income and Expenditure of the Urban and Rural Households 2011-2012 (ENIGHUR), using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Polychoric. Among the main findings, it is evident that the accumulation of assets has increased over time, especially in the poorest households, but at a different intensity in urban and rural areas. However, the inequality indicators regarding this indicator have not been affected; In addition, the possession of assets such as laptops, vehicles and coverage of basic services weigh more in the construction of the household wealth index. When comparing the level of wealth according to the polychoric methodology and the level of per capita income, it places households in a better position of well-being with the proposed methodology of the new indicator, especially in the poorest and richest quintile, although it is highlighted that significant levels of inequality remain, a structural problem in the socio-economic reality of Ecuadorian households.
Riesgo moral y selección adversa en el sistema general de aseguramiento de salud para el Ecuador año 2013
(2015) Piedra Peña, Juan Andrés; Sarmiento Moscoso, Luis Santiago; Orellana Bravo, Mercy Raquel
This study analyzes a topic of great interest in the context of designs of public policies, such as the asymmetric information in the health care system in Ecuador. This study has not been research deeply in our country, it is the need to study the private and public health assurance, where we will discuss the factors that influence such as individuals at the time of choosing an insurance and their subsequent behavior in the usage of these services against the principal, it gets problems caused by the asymmetry of the information in the system as: adverse selection and moral hazard. To the study of these problems of asymmetry of information, it is used models of discrete dependent variable, such as the binomial logit and multinomial, where the variables of interest to the case of adverse selection are the risk factors related to each one of the agents, and in the case of moral hazard has been used as main variables the cost incurred by insured in the last 30 days when they get access to health services and that they are not covered by the insurance, the insurance type that the agent has, too. Main results obtained in this investigation are that owed to not enoughinformation and the way of structuring of the available database, it is not possible to conclude the existence of adverse selection in the population; also the risk factors do not turn out to be influential at the moment of choosing an insurance type, being the social economic factors the most influential such as: the area of housing, the genre and labor conditions. On the other hand, we found that the effect of determining expense has on the agent`s behavior of do not reveal the existence of a moral hazard, however there is over consumption for formal medical services of the agents that just have a mandatory social insurance and who have more than one insurance, are being the poorest fifth one who get access to these services, which might be generated problems of performance in the ecuadorian health care system.
Un análisis del Gasto Público y el Crecimiento Económico para Ecuador período 2000-2022
(2023) Gomez Bermeo, Kevin Renato
This article analyzes the relationship between government spending and Ecuadorian economic growth from the first quarter of 2000 to the fourth quarter of 2022. The objective of this study is to test two competing theories. On the one hand, Wagner's Law (1890) defends the idea that variations in public spending are caused by economic growth. And, on the other hand, the Keynesian hypothesis (1937) which postulates that economic growth is a product of government spending. With this objective, the total expenditure is considered, as well as the different types of expenditure, for which some tests are carried out, including the cointegration analysis applying the Engle and Granger methodology, the Zivot-Andrews test, the Johansen, among others. The main results show that the Keynesian hypothesis is not fulfilled between the years 2000 and 2020 and Wagner's law is fulfilled if the total government expenditure is considered, as well as when only the current expenditure of the Ecuadorian government is considered.