Browsing by Author "Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos"

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Análisis exploratorio de la política pública para el acceso educativo integral de niñez vulnerable
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-06-02) Lema Guamán, Marco Danilo; Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos
The objective of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of public policies aimed at guaranteeing comprehensive educational access for children in vulnerable situations in Ecuador. A descriptive and exploratory methodological design was used, with a qualitative approach, through interviews with 12 educational actors and authorities in the province of Azuay. The results showed that, although there are policies and legal frameworks that promote educational inclusion, their implementation faces barriers such as lack of resources, insufficient teacher training and disconnection with local realities. It was identified that policies tend to be centralized and ineffective, perpetuating inequalities instead of resolving them. The conclusions highlight the need for a holistic approach that involves communities, strengthens teacher training and addresses the structural causes of vulnerability, beyond the symptoms. The study provides a critical view on the need for more inclusive and contextualized policies to ensure equitable education.
El proceso de enseñanza en la modalidad virtual en educación inicial
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022-02-01) Reinoso Sinchi, Nathaly Elizabeth; Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos
This research focuses on knowing and analyzing the teaching process in the virtual modality in Initial Education during the COVID-19 pandemic, it starts from a theoretical investigation to base the main themes of this research; teaching process and virtual modality, in order to know and analyze the theories presented by the experts, this being the basis of the investigative work. For the practical work of the research, interviews are carried out with teachers of the initial level and non-participatory observations of the classes in the virtual mode, in the same way an analysis of each of these is carried out to relate the practical work with the theoretical one. and to know how the teaching process has been carried out, in addition to the challenges and challenges that teachers have faced during this change. This being a qualitative research work that, in addition to knowing the subject on which it focuses, has allowed us to understand the situations of teachers, who have had to self-educate themselves in terms of the execution of teaching through virtuality, it has also been evidenced the abysmal difference that exists between the private sector and the public sector, since the teachers of this sector have not had the help of the authorities of the institutions, regarding the availability oftechnological devices ortraining on the management of technology. Virtual education has thus represented a challenge for teachers, who have had to face change with their own tools, seeking above all to publicize the importance ofEarly Education since it is considered that the greatest obstacle to teaching is education devaluation of it by parents.
El uso del caso didáctico como estrategia para la formación de docentes de ciencias experimentales
(2022) Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos
One of the purposes of teaching mathematics is to solve problems and make decisions in everyday life. The main objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the application of a didactic case to solve a type of problem associated with definitions, conceptual applications, strategy resolution and decision-making, within the framework of teacher training processes. The scope of the process includes reflection on the theory of teacher training and the contribution to solving the problem nucleus of training: analyzing teaching strategies and techniques in indicated contexts and specific educational situations. The methodology used was qualitative through the observation, analysis and systematization of experiences through the use of geometric, analytical, dynamic and algebraic elements; and the use of mathematical concepts such as: differentiation, tangent, absolute value, etc. The results obtained indicate that the effectiveness of the didactic case as a didactic technique for teacher training processes and for subsequent theory-practice reflection is high. It concludes by recognizing the importance of diversifying didactic strategies in teacher training and projecting the use of the didactic case as an interdisciplinary and integrating work element of the different training subjects.
Elaboración de material concreto para la enseñanza de operaciones básicas en el bloque de Álgebra y Funciones de Educación General Básica Superior
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2021-08-10) Cárdenas Lata, Patricia Mercedes; Otavalo León, Walter Leonardo; Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos
This graduation project is aimed to help teachers and students in teaching-learning of the topics that belong to the algebra and functions block in Superior Basic General Education (BGE), in other words students from eighth, ninth and tenth grades. There are some problems while teaching and learning these topics since they are abstract, it means that, at first sight, those are non-understandable topics, which is why, the teacher looks for different methodologies in order to reach full comprehension by the students. Another aspect we must remember is that exist an unlimited use of specific material for these topics. As is was previously mentioned, the teacher looks for innovative ideas, the same that must lead the student to an interactive classroom through the use of proper material intended for students to obtain knowledge and the teacher to become just a support in student`s development. In order to develop this project, two research techniques have been developed, those are: a survey and an interview that were applied to students and teachers who belong to this educational level.
Estrategia metodológica para la enseñanza de cónicas con material concreto
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2021-03-23) Siavichay Quizhpi, Carlos Andrés; Velásquez Anguisaca, Byron Jonnathan; Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos
The present work entitled: "Methodological Strategy for Teaching Conics with Concrete Material", has been made with the purpose of implementing the Montessori method through a methodological strategy as a significant contribution and support for teachers. The work consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, the theoretical foundation is elaborated where topics such as: the availability of concrete material in educational institutions and pedagogical approaches for the development of the proposal are addressed. In the second chapter the statistical part is developed by means of the use of a survey and two interviews, the survey was applied to students of 3rd year of high school of Santa Mariana de Jesus school, the results are presented considering aspects like the use of teaching strategies and application of concrete material in the topic of conics, For the interviews, a teacher from the "Galo Plaza Lasso" school and a teacher from the "Alemán Stiehle" school were interviewed. As they work in different educational contexts and have different teaching methodologies, they provided very useful information for the design and elaboration of the concrete material as well as the structuring of the methodological guide. Finally, the third chapter explains and develops the methodological proposal with its conceptual and practical basis, which consists of two parts: the didactic guide and the concrete material.
Estrategias para el desarrollo de habilidades espaciales dentro del dibujo técnico: vistas y proyecciones con estudiantes de Bachillerato Técnico
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2023-02-09) Morocho Jimbo, Luz Magaly; Ochoa Tenesaca, Erika Johanna; Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos
The purpose of this degree work is to present a didactic proposal to improve the teaching-learning process in the development of spatial skills: views and projections, for which we have taken into account the opinions and criticisms of teachers and students of the 3rd year of high school of the schools: Técnico de Ricaurte and Técnico de Sinincay. In order to achieve this objective, an investigation was carried out within the educational institutions. Evaluations were carried out in order to know the levels of knowledge that students have about the subject of Technical Drawing and how they would like to learn. Finally, teachers contributed with proposals and teaching methods from their experience and training. After the results obtained in the field research, it was concluded that there are deficiencies in the subject of spatial skills: Views and projections in the following topics: Projections, definition; Types of systems (Dihedral and Axonometric); Characteristics and representation of the Axonometric System; Isometric perspective, cavalier perspective, and military perspective; Projections of solids to views; Projections of views to solids. For the development of the proposal, we have focused on constructivism since it indicates that the student is the creator of his own learning from the interaction with his environment, adding to it the use of Tics which strengthens the learning process, expecting an effective development within this process with a higher level of depth within the subject of Technical Drawing.
Estrategias para el desarrollo del pensamiento matemático en estudiantes de EGB superior del sector rural
(Universidad de Cuenca. Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación, 2025-10-21) Montaleza Corte, Andrés Eduardo; Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos
This research focuses on the development of mathematical thinking in students of Upper Basic General Education in rural areas through the implementation of adapted pedagogical strategies aligned with both the Ecuadorian curriculum and the PISA framework. The study begins with an analysis of the main difficulties students face in mathematics, summarized in a Top 20 list of critical topics, which are then linked to performance based competencies defined by the Ministry of Education. Based on this diagnosis, a differentiated didactic intervention is proposed across six classrooms in two rural institutions, employing methodologies such as game-based learning, escape rooms, problem-based learning, project-based learning, and practical simulations. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative techniques to evaluate students’ perception, understanding, and progress. Additionally, it takes into account the specific characteristics of rural contexts such as limited resources, cultural diversity, and technological gaps, to ensure that the strategies are relevant, meaningful, and sustainable. Results are interpreted from a reflective and formative perspective, prioritizing active student participation and the contextualization of learning. This proposal aims to contribute to improving educational quality in vulnerable environments by offering a viable methodological alternative that fosters lasting and applicable learning in everyday life.
Estrategias para la resolución de ecuaciones lineales mediante aprendizaje significativo
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-09-18) Guichay Chuñir, Karla Ximena; Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos
This work presents a didactic proposal for teaching linear equation problems, contextualized in everyday life. Activities with problems of daily situations and interest for students are included, which will allow the teacher to teach classes in a more entertaining and motivating way. These activities not only facilitate understanding of the topic, but also demonstrate the practical usefulness of linear equations in real life. The objective is to develop teaching strategies that improve the learning of linear equations in real-life contexts. This work seeks for the student to actively participate and buildtheir own knowledge based on the teacher's previous concepts, based on approaches such as constructivism, meaningful learning and cognitivism. The activities in this proposal can be usedin both face-to-face and virtual classes. In conclusion, the proposal has been well received by the students. After putting into practice some of the activities, it will be observed that the students' comments were positive, highlighting that the activities were interesting and contributed significantly to improving theirunderstanding of the resolution topic of linear equation problems.
Influencia del nivel socioeconómico familiar en los procesos de aprendizaje de niños preescolares
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2021-10-12) Cedillo Cobos, Rosalva Daniela; Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos
The first years of a child's life are crucial for good development, therefore they must have an education that allows them to develop their maximum intellectual, social, emotional and other capacities, because in this way they will not have problems in their adult life. But this requires that all infants have a quality and equitable education, as this is a natural right. The objective of this degree work is to describe the influence of socioeconomic level on the learning processes of preschool children in public and private educational institutions in Cuenca with the purpose of creating educational programs aimed at these vulnerable people in the near future, because in this way it will be possible to eliminate the educational gap that exists due to individual family's socioeconomic levels. This research had a quantitative methodological approach, which allowed me to identify that there is such a gap, as several infants who do not have the necessary economic resources to obtain a quality education have had problems in their performance, in the same learning processes are reflected, since if infants do not have their adequate academic level this is because there are several factors that influence their learning processes and one of this is the family's economic factor.
Investigación en educación matemática, en Ecuador y la región: caso Universidad de Cuenca
(Ediciones Tocororo, 2019) Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos; Calle Palomeque, Carmen Eulalia; Guachún Lucero, Freddy Patricio; Mora Naranjo, Blanca Maribel
En este artículo se pone de manifiesto la importancia de la investigación en educación matemática en la región y las posibles tendencias que ésta tiene para la práctica y el ejercicio docente de las ciencias experimentales; se aborda desde diferentes perspectivas teóricas y haciendo un breve estado del arte sobre los principales aportes de la investigación en educación matemática en la región, se destacan los principales eventos realizados entre ellos el IV COBISEMAT como un hito de presentación de resultados y propuestas. Se espera que las reflexiones del presente documento contribuyen a conformar un frente de innovación para la investigación en educación matemática y el mejoramiento continuo de la práctica docente así como también el surgimiento de nuevas fronteras para el desarrollo profesional continuo que es clave en la docencia en las Ciencias Experimentales. Se reflexiona sobre las competencias matemáticas alcanzadas por nuestros estudiantes tanto en Ecuador como en la región, lo cual ha convocado a varios eventos académicos de investigación en educación matemática, en los que se han abordan los principales problemas relacionados a esta temática, presentándose propuestas para superar dificultades y dando mayor importancia a la formación continua. Se mencionan a su vez, tres aspectos de las investigaciones, en la revisión bibliográfica: enfoques relacionados con el método que se aplicó para la enseñanza, desarrollo de material concreto y aplicaciones de software en enseñanza-aprendizaje de las Matemáticas. Cada uno de estos aspectos, ha ido ganando importancia desde la publicación de artículos, hasta de libros especializados y cursos de formación y desarrollo profesional para el profesorado en el área respectiva. En los diferentes gráficos presentados en los resultados obtenidos en la presente investigación, se puede observar la alta participación de instituciones tanto locales como internacionales, en donde se destaca el gran aporte de la Universidad Nacional de Educación y la Universidad de Cuenca, sin desconocer los trabajos investigativos de la Universidades extranjeras quienes dan aportes importantes en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje en el área de las matemáticas. Por otro lado, se menciona la valiosa participación de docentes y estudiantes, en quienes se puede notar la preocupación por la mejora continua en el proceso de enseñanza de las matemáticas, en los niveles de Educación General Básica (EGB), Bachillerato y de Universidad en temas como: Álgebra, Cálculo, Geometría, entre otros, teniendo en cuenta las tendencias en investigación que fueron de material concreto y propuestas metodológicas.
La enseñanza-aprendizaje de perspectivas en la educación en línea: una propuesta mediante objetos de aprendizaje
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022-04-20) Barrera Macancela, Michelle Lisseth; Yupa Castro, Jorge Luis; Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos
This degree work is carried out for the support of the teacher in perspective classes, its usefulness is to improve the traditionalist methodology to an innovative methodology through virtual learning objects. Expert teachers on the subject of perspectives were interviewed to demonstrate the methodology used in classes, the attitude of the students, the use of TIC in the classroom and finally the improvements they can make in the institution and classroom. With the aforementioned, a teacher's guide is presented with 8 classes made with virtual learning objects and a web page for the representation of these activities for the student to carry out.
La formación en valores en los niños de Educación Inicial
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022-03-04) Sagbay Peña, Christian Rafael; Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos
The present work on Curricular Integration aimed to analyze the relationship between school activities carried out by teachers with educational theories and processes focused on values. In the educational field, the lack of activities focused on values has been a matter of concern in several countries, Ecuador is not alien to this problem, there is a lack of knowledge and lack of guides that promote the formation of this subject. Therefore, in search of a solution to this problem, the general objective was raised, which is to analyze the relationship between school activities that teachers develop with educational theories and processes focused on values. In this sense, this work is a monographic study. This allowed the collection of information from various investigations related to the subject, using the keywords that facilitated the search and implementation of the theoretical framework. In the first place, the Initial Education curriculum was analyzed and the skills that are related to the formation of values were found. Second, information was found on the values, their history, characteristics and concepts, from which those related to Early Childhood education were chosen. It was concluded that there is a relationship between the skills of 4 areas of the initial education curriculum where values such as respect, responsibility, honesty, friendship, solidarity, companionship and cooperation were found explicitly or implicitly. In addition, strategies were defined, for example: games, stories, dramatizations and songs that strengthen the formation of values at the kindergarten level.
Lenguaje Matemático: Estrategias Comunicativas Para la Enseñanza
(Universidad de Cuenca. Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias de la Educación, 2025-10-22) Lazo Cuzco, Nelly Elizabeth; Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos
This degree work presents as a proposal a set of ten communicative strategies for mathematics teaching centered on mathematical language, aimed at mathematics teachers. From a qualitative approach with a comparative scope, techniques such as classroom observation and interviews with mathematics teachers were applied, with the purpose of identifying the most effective communicative strategies and the limitations present during teaching. As a result, progress is evidenced in participation and dialogue in classes, although difficulties persist related to classroom organization, content contextualization, and the development of linguistic and argumentative skills. Therefore, a set of communicative strategies is proposed through practical sheets to be applied without requiring additional time or complex resources, thus promoting more participatory, reflective, and communicative teaching. The objective was to provide teachers with strategies that strengthen the teaching of mathematical language and facilitate interaction, reflection, and knowledge construction by the student. In conclusion, these strategies respond to the real needs of the classroom, the promotion of horizontal communication, and the use of diverse languages (verbal and non-verbal) that are important for improving the understanding of mathematical language.
Leyes de Newton: una propuesta didáctica desde la interculturalidad
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2021-09-13) Caldas Segarra, Daniela Andrea; Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos
The following work entitled: “Newton´s laws: a didactical proposal from Interculturality” has been done with the purpose of elaborating a didactical proposal for the approach of Newton´s laws with an intercultural focus, under the Model of the Intercultural Bilingual Educational System (MOSEIB), which is an aim to the First Year of General Unified High School, as a significant contribution to the learning and teaching of Physics and as a possible alternative to the problems that is originate for the ignorance of Interculturality in the exercise of teaching. The work has three chapters. In the first chapter, the theoretical foundation of the curricular, pedagogical, and didactic aspects was elaborated in relation to Intercultural Bilingual Education (EIB), MOSEIB, Social Constructivism, Situated Cognition, and Didactic Guides. In the second chapter, the methodology was developed through the use of interviews and focus groups, the interviews were applied to Physics teachers of First Year of General Unified Baccalaureate of rural schools located in Santa Ana, El Valle, and Quingeo, while the focus groups were conducted with students of the same institutions and grades. As a result of the information collected, relevant data were obtained regarding the application and knowledge of Interculturality in the teaching of Physics, the strategies and methods used by teachers, as well as the interest in a proposal that links these two aspects. In addition, we were also able to collect from the students their educational needs in this subject. Finally, the third chapter explains and develops the methodological proposal with its conceptual and practical basis with consists of the Interlearning didactic text textbook for the student and the teacher
Los modelos educativos en las actividades escolares de los niños de Educación Inicial
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2023-03-01) Molina Avila, Michelle Paulina; Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos
The present work deals with the educational models in school activities in children of initial education, to develop the content of the work, a qualitative methodology with a monographic method was used to understand the concepts that stand out within the document, in a ddition to the Bibliographic research helps to contain guidelines for the development of research. The study is focused on the search for information on educational models and school activities at the initial education levels in such a way that various theories can be analyzed. So it is important to keep in mind that infants are the central axis in the teaching-learning process. The national curriculum is a didactic guide for a teacher to use in the best way in the different activities, which must be according to the age of the infants, in order to generate knowledge. For this reason, educational models play a fundamental role in teaching, being essential for each of the boys and girls at the initial level of education. A teacher strengthens an educational model since it is up to him to propose the appropriate and necessary activities for his students. The different educational models (active, innovative, romantic and constructivist) will be presented together with their exponents, highlighting the importance of each one and the advantages in the development of infants.
Manejo de la agresividad en niños de educación inicial: gestión y estrategias docentes
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2021-10-29) Ávila Montaño, Juana Micaela; Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos
In this research study "Aggressiveness management in early childhood education children: management and teaching strategies", an analysis was made of the existing problem regarding the management of aggressiveness in the classroom and its relationship between theoretical contributions and the perspectives of early childhood education teachers. In order to provide information about the strategies that can be implemented to adequately manage aggressive behaviors in the classroom and information about them. In addition, the research was based on a qualitative and descriptive exploratory methodological approach, which allowed to know through different interviews the experiences and perspectives that teachers have about children's aggressiveness. And it worked with a cross- sectional temporal scope. Therefore, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 6 educators from public and private centers. The conclusion reached was that the teachers interviewed do not have enough information about the handling and management of aggressiveness in infants, and that it is essential to carry out research on aggressive behavior at an early age. Finally, recommendations elaborated by the author herself were put forward, based on the information collected bibliographically and the contributions provided by the teachers interviewed. Key words:
Percepciones de los directivos y padres de familia sobre los docentes en Educación Inicial
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022-09-20) Loja Rojas, Pablo Alexander; Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos
The main objective of this study on curriculum integration, entitled “Perceptions of managers and parents about teachers in initial education”, is to analyse the perceptions of managers and parents about the presence of male teachers in initial education through semi-structured interviews, in order to determine their impact, given the low presence of teachers at this level, for the development of the theoretical part. of the research, a bibliographic review was carried out where different theories and important contributions for the further development of this work were revealed. Likewise, the research had a qualitative methodological approach, in which the instrument used to collect the information was the semi-structured interview. The study sample consisted of six managers from public and private institutions and in the rural area of the city of Cuenca. Similarly, the other part of the sample consisted of six parents of children attending the initial or first level of basic education in public and private institutions and in the area. rural areas. Subsequently, a descriptive analysis was carried out allowing us to know the different perspectives and ideas of managers and parents, and finally to compare their ideas. It was concluded that gender stereotypes and roles, although embedded in society, must be eliminated as they affect people’s thinking. Currently, the majority of female teachers at the initial level are based on preferences and vocation, since both managers and parents support this career without distinction as to gender.
Propuesta didáctica activa para la enseñanza de productos notables
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2021-10-26) Álvarez Alvarracín, Christian Fabián; Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos
This work is an active didactic proposal for the teaching of remarkable products, here is a catalog with different didactic resources that teachers are able to use to give their classes of notable products, in addition to a brochure where a guide is presented on how use the resources in class. The resources are not only physical but also digital for use in virtual classes that are predominant in the present due to the influence of COVID-19 that is affecting the country. The objective of this proposal is that teachers can change the traditional way of giving classes by implementing didactic resources to help students have a greater participation in classes. This work implements an active methodology where the student participates constantly, using as a basis different approaches such as cognitivism, constructivism, etc. All to be able to increase the attention of the students capture their interest and improve the teaching-learning process. It can be concluded that there is a great acceptance of the resources by the teachers and an improvement in the knowledge captured by the students.
Propuesta didáctica para el aprendizaje de razones trigonométricas en el décimo año de EGB de la Unidad Educativa “Jima”
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2023-08-31) López Suin, Paola Jacqueline; Espinoza Guanuche, Andrea Estefanía; Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos
Currently, the use of didactic resources and games has increased due to the influence it presents in the teaching-learning of mathematics since traditional teaching no longer predominates over other pedagogical models. Instead, participatory and creative classes and innovative have stood out for allowing the exploitation of students' skills and aptitudes from their leading role. As a result of this, the present work is called Didactic proposal for learning trigonometric ratios in the tenth year of EGB of the Jima Educational Unit. The objective was the elaboration of a didactic proposal for learning trigonometric ratios in the tenth of EGB of the Jima Educational Unit of the Sígsig canton. As a research methodology, the mixed approach was used, through methodological instruments, interviews and surveys were conducted. These methodological procedures were aimed at the students and teachers of the institution. The research findings made it possible to identify the students' difficulties in learning trigonometric ratios, together with the advantages and disadvantages of playfulness within mathematics classes. In addition, the low level of use of teaching methodologies and didactic resources was evidenced, for which it was necessary to propose a didactic proposal with a playful approach to improve and strengthen student learning in trigonometric ratios.
Propuesta para la enseñanza de tablas de frecuencia y gráficas en el área de estadística con instrumentos para la evaluación
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2021-04-06) Bravo Solís, Milton Javier; Yunga Zhañay, Edgar Manuel; Bernal Reino, Juan Carlos
The purpose of the present paper is to develop the teaching of frequency tables and graphics in the statistic class with some aspects regarding teaching methods, techniques, and tests. The participants were local 10º EGB and 1º BGU grade students. The instruments used were questionnaires and interviews. The data analysis found out that the teacher lacks of different teaching methodologies and techniques in the class topic. Moreover, the approach used in the class was teacher-centered that lacked students’ significative learning. The data field helped with some ideas to develop a teaching guide about the class topic with a constructivist focus. The guides had 11 planned classes with different teaching methods and techniques. Likewise, each class has its own specific evaluation instrument regarding the activity. Finally, it is expected that the teaching guides help to improve the teaching of frequency tables and graphics, and more importantly to motivate the teaching process.