Tesis de Pregrado

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Análisis de alimentos procesados etiquetados con contenido de sal y grasa que se expenden en supermercados de Cuenca. Octubre 2019 – marzo de 2020
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2020-08-18) Heredia González, Melanie Vanessa; Ochoa Díaz, María Emilia; Abril Ulloa, Sandra Victoria
Background: At least 2.8 million people die each year from diseases related to overweight and obesity. The Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health, encourages private companies to adopt responsible practices, particularly with the promotion and commercialization of foods high in saturated fat, trans fatty acids, sugars and salt. In Ecuador since 2013, the ‘Sanitary Regulation of Labeling of processed foods for human consumption’ is in force. Objective: To determine and analyze the components of the nutritional labeling of packaged and processed foods that contain salt and / or fat that are sold in supermarkets in the city of Cuenca in the period October 2019-March 2020. Methodology: It is a descriptive, cross sectional study. The largest and most frequent assistance supermarket chains in the city of Cuenca, Azuay were selected. Photographs of the products containing salt and / or fat were made using a standardized methodology according to the protocol of the International Network for research, monitoring and support for the action of food, obesity and chronic, non- communicable diseases. Results: With a total of 578 products analyzed, the category with the highest percentage was salty snacks with 27.3%. In the sodium content, the indicator with the highest percentage was ̈ Medium ̈ with 50.3%. In fat content, the indicator "Medium" predominated with 49.5%. The 100% of the products contain the nutritional table, 99.3% has a list of ingredients, 0.7% does not and 100% has the nutritional traffic light. Conclusions: On average, the highest percentage of all products was the "Medium" indicator. It is recommended to continue with studies related to the nutritional label; due to there are not enough in Ecuador. Key words: Processed foods. Nutrition Labeling. Salt. Fat. Supermarkets. Cuenca.
Análisis descriptivo del contenido de micronutrientes y percepción de la importancia de las declaraciones nutricionales de los productos procesados y ultraprocesados en la ciudad de Cuenca, julio - diciembre 2022
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2023-01-24) Altamirano Mendieta, Johanna Estefanía; Alvarado Alvarado, Flor María; Abril Ulloa, Sandra Victoria
Background: The packaging of Processed Foods and Ultraprocessed Products (PFUP), inform about the content of critical nutrients for health, also show claims related to health and nutrition that require analysis. Objective: To identify the nutritional claims of PFUPs and their importance in the purchase and consumption decision of adults in Cuenca. Methodology: A mixed study (qualitative-quantitative) in which 2054 PFUP sold in Cuenca were analyzed. The frequency of nutrition claims in 10 categories of PFUP was identified. The type of legend was determined and the correspondence between these and what was declared in the nutritional table (NT) according to the INFORMAS taxonomy was compared. Twelve adults were interviewed on the perceived importance of the legends for the purchase of PFUP. Results: The PFUP with the highest proportion of statements are beverages, breakfast cereals, bakery and pastry products. The correlation between what is stated and what is reported in the NT is low. People express that the claims can generate misinterpretations and influence on the purchase decision compared to products that do not contain them. Conclusions: Most of the PFUP present nutritional declarations that do not have a good correlation with the real content of the product, which could suggest the analysis of the public policy applied in Ecuador with the objective of including more specific and detailed information on declarations, since this information leads to bad purchasing decisions by consumers.
Cambio en los hábitos alimentarios y en los estilos de vida en adultos jóvenes debido al Covid-19 en la ciudad de Cuenca, 2021
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2023-05-12) Saquicela Ulloa, Steven Mateo; Uyaguari Paucar, Nelson Ismael; Abril Ulloa, Sandra Victoria
Following the outbreak of COVID 19 disease in Wuhan - China in 2019, a worldwide health emergency was declared, recommending isolation and social distancing. Several studies report that eating habits, lifestyles and sleep quality of adults have undergone changes as a result of proposals to contain the spread of the disease. These changes may affect the nutritional status of the population in relation to the presence of overweight or obesity, as well as malnutrition, anemia, etc. In several studies conducted in various countries and even in Ecuador, these changes are mentioned as a result of the pandemic. In view of this problem, the objective of this study was to determine the change in eating habits and lifestyle (physical activity, quality of sleep) due to the COVID-19 pandemic in young adults in the city of Cuenca, 2021. An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out using the "snowball" technique for the selection of the sample, in addition, a survey was applied through the Google Forms platform related to eating habits and lifestyles before and during the pandemic. Based on the procedures carried out, it was possible to obtain as results that young adult in the city of Cuenca modified their eating habits and lifestyle due to the Covid-19 pandemic.
Comportamiento alimentario y actividad física en niños de 3-4 años del municipio.
(2018) Espinoza Coello, Pamela Monserrath; Velásquez Ortíz, María del Carmen; Abril Ulloa, Sandra Victoria; Orellana Paucar, Adriana Monserrath
Background: The preschool stage is the starting point in the creation of habits that will be present in the future, so we must observe the places where the behavior of children develops. General Aim: Observe the eating behavior and physical activity in 3-4 year old children of the Municipal Child Development Centers of the city of Cuenca (CDIs). Methodology: A mixed study was carried out, the qualitative inductive part was developed through non-participatory observations to preschoolers and their educators, analyzing their eating behavior and physical activity. 9 interviews were carried out with the kitchen staff of the CDIs to explore the practices that influence the eating behavior and quality of the menu. The descriptive quantitative study was carried out using a validated dietary quality questionnaire. Results: It was observed that children at the table behave according to the interaction of educators who use strategies to consume the preparations. It was observed that preschoolers do not comply with the recommendation of physical activity and have a prolonged sleep time after lunch. In the interviews, it was found that each CDI carries their organization, and they modify the menu according to several reasons, some of which provide benefits and other disadvantages. The quality of the menus according to the COMES questionnaire was acceptable to improvable. Conclutions: Preschoolers consume three meal times in the CDIs. For this reason, it is necessary to pay attention to the factors that influence the eating behavior and physical activity.
Comportamiento en la alimentación y actividad física de preescolares al finalizar un proyecto de promoción de hábitos saludables
(2018) Peñaloza Moscoso, María José; Calle Bravo, Carla Karina; Abril Ulloa, Sandra Victoria
Background: In the preschool stage, the teaching staff and / or the formal caregivers play an important role as health promoters, which will have a short and long term impact. General Objective: To identify the feeding and physical activity behavior of the preschool children at the end of an intervention project to promote healthy habits in the Infantile Development Centers of the Municipality of Cuenca (CDIs). Methodology: A quali-quantitative mixed study was carried out. The qualitative approach was carried out through non-participatory observations to children and to the educators during the days of attendance of the children to the CDIs. In addition, structured interviews were conducted with the food service staff of the CDIs to learn how the children's menu is prepared once a training course within the intervention project has been completed. Structured interviews were also conducted with educators to identify the most useful ludic and audiovisual material to teach children eating habits and physical activity. The quantitative study was carried out through the analysis of the quality of the menu eaten by children in the CDIs. For this study, a validated questionnaire was applied. Result: It was observed that the children's eating behavior depends on the control that the educator has, and it is different in each CDI; so, in some CDIs the children eat in a more relaxed way while in others they scream, hit things, etc. The food staff indicates that they have a similar organization in all CDIs, however, menus are altered for different reasons; this fact brings benefits and disadvantages. The teachers commented that stories and food replicas were within the preferred nutrition material to work with children. On the other hand, the analysis of the menus showed an ACCEPTABLE quality, with the fulfillment of 59%. Conclusions: The majority of preschoolers eat three times of food in the CDIs. In addition, it was observed that the attitude and habits that the educators have at the table influence directly on the feeding behavior of the children at the time of eating. Consequently, it is very important to monitor all aspects and to correct the factors that influence the children's eating behavior
Elaboración de un plan educativo de acuerdo al estado nutricional y factores asociados de los niño y niñas de los Centros Infantiles del Buen Vivir Cuenca-Azuay, julio 2014-marzo 2015
(2015) Molina Ochoa, Gabriela Estefanía; Morales Avilez, Diana Elizabeth; Abril Ulloa, Sandra Victoria
Objective: To develop an educational plan according to nutritional status and associated factors of preschool children of 2-4 years of five preschool facilities of the Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion (MIES) of the city Cuenca - Ecuador. Methods: In 156 preschool children, the nutritional status was determined using the World Health Organization (WHO) 2007 criteria. Kind of caregiver, type of family, social strata, nutritional habits, screen time and physical activity were defined with a survey. Results: We found that 26.9% had low height for age and 72.4% normal height. In the weight/age indicator, 0.6% of children were underweight and 1.2% overweight and obesity. In the indicator body mass index/age nobody was wasted. It was found 35.9% of preschool children at risk of overweight, at 8.3% were overweight/obese. Regarding eating habits, most of them had regular habits (71.6%), and only 25.7% had good habits. Also, found that 96.6% of children watch two or more hours of television a day. Conclusions: The prevalence of stunting and overweight are high, characteristics of a country undergoing nutritional transition. This study is a baseline, to develop and implement an educational plan of diet and physical activity aimed at preschoolers, to parents and educators of children's centers.
Estado nutricional y factores asociados en adultos mayores de 65 años que asisten a los Centros de Salud Nicanor Merchán y Carlos Elizalde, mayo – noviembre, Cuenca 2022
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022-11-01) Zenteno Romero, Jennifer Alejandra; Zuin Malla, Miriam Fernanda; Abril Ulloa, Sandra Victoria
Background: In recent years, elder population has had a remarkable increase. This does not guarantee a better life quality in this population, therefore there is the need to evaluate their nutritional status and associated factors. Objectives: To determine the relationship between physical activity, diet quality and socioeconomic status with the nutritional status of elders older than 65 years that attend the health centers Nicanor Merchan and Carlos Elizalde located in the city of Cuenca, during the period of May – November 2022. Methods: A transverse analytical study was performed. To evaluate the nutritional state, measurements of weight, height, calf & abdomen circumference were taken and MNA-SF was applied. To measure the diet quality, physical activity and the socioeconomic status the following polls were used: ECAAM, IPAQ-C and the “Encuesta de Estratificacion del Nivel Socioeconomico” from INEC respectively. For the tabulation and analysis of data the software IBM SPSS was used. To determine the relationship between the variables, the ODSS RATIO was used. Results: 73.2% of patients were between 65 and 74 years old. There were more women (62.6%) than men (37.4%). The 61.8% was in risk of malnutrition and the 7.3% was malnourished. Close to 81% of the patients had bad diet. The 43% of patients were of a low or mid-low socioeconomic status. The 50% does physical activity: moderate (43%) and high (7%). Relationship between the nutritional status and the diet quality, socioeconomic status and physical activity in the elder adults was not found. Conclusions: Although relation between the nutritional status and the diet quality, socioeconomic level and physical activity was not found, the importance of health promotion and prevention of chronic diseases in elder adults is indisputable.
Estudio sobre las percepciones relacionadas con alimentación saludable y prácticas de alimentación de los adultos mayores del cantón Cuenca 2021
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022-06-06) Guzmán Flores, Sofía Isabel; Peñafiel Campoverde, Valeria Renata; Abril Ulloa, Sandra Victoria
Background: Diet is an important determinant of health and has been compromised by physiological, economic, and social changes that occur with aging. General objective: To analyze the perceptions about healthy eating and eating practices of older adults in the Canton of Cuenca. 2021 Methodology: Qualitative phenomenological study, with a "snowball" type sampling. Twenty older adults participated, 10 from rural areas and 10 from urban areas. For the collection of information, an in-depth semi-structured interview was used. Data analysis was performed using the Atlas ti program. Results: The older adults of Cuenca have as a perception of healthy eating a diet based on fruits, vegetables and white meats, free of chemicals for their growth or maturation, with a minimum consumption of saturated fats, sausages, simple carbohydrates, salt and sugar. , to prevent diseases and complications of their comorbidities. It was also possible to find that the perceptions and food practices of each one have similarities typical of the Cuencana culture; however, the different socioeconomic situations, different educational level, different areas of residence, different environments during their adult life and the physiological changes of aging, can cause variations within their perception of healthy eating and the eating practices of each older adult. Conclusion: Eating practices are directly related to the perception of a healthy diet; however, they are influenced by factors such as: residence, customs, traditions, socioeconomic situation, accompaniment and physiological changes typical of aging.
Identificación de las percepciones sobre el cambio en la compra y en el consumo de alimentos durante el COVID en adultos de parroquias urbanas y rurales del cantón Cuenca en el 2021
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2023-06-01) Morocho Pillco, Gladys Carolina; Méndez Criollo, María Estéfani; Abril Ulloa, Sandra Victoria
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic shocked the world population causing changes in eating habits, food purchase and consumption, physical activity, emotional state, among others, due to the economic impact and the measures applied to avoid virus contagion. Objective: To analyze the perception of adults on the purchase, consumption and preparation of food practiced after the confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted. Twenty adults from urban and rural areas of Cuenca participated. Semi-structured interviews were conducted until information saturation. They were transcribed verbatim and analyzed manually. Results: Food purchase and consumption had changes since the confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. All participants indicated that they had difficulty accessing food due to their low purchasing power. Rural participants had access to natural foods from their crops. Conclusions: Participants in general had difficulties in accessing food with good nutritional quality, which could worsen the situation of food insecurity that existed in Ecuador before the pandemic. More studies are needed to generate strategies focused on improving the food situation of the population at the local and national level.
Percepción de diferentes grupos etarios sobre el etiquetado nutricional y el sistema interpretativo del semáforo nutricional
(2017) Malo Alvarado, Ana María; Pérez Ortega, Valentina María; Abril Ulloa, Sandra Victoria; Orellana Paucar, Adriana Monserrath
Background: as an answer to the high rating of overweight and obesity in Ecuador, the Ministry of Public Health and the National Agency of Regulation, Control and Health Surveillance (Ministerio de Salud Pública and Agencia Nacional de Regulación, Control y Vigilancia Sanitaria (ARCSA)) developed a Graphic System for the Interpretation of the Nutritional Labeling of Processed Foods. General Aim: to analyze the perspective of different age groups from the rural and urban areas of the Cuenca canton about comprehension of the Nutritional Labeling, the Interpretative System of processed foods and, consumer preferences. Methodology: this was a qualitative study. Six focus groups were performed, each one with a different demographic group: adolescents, children’s mothers, and elderly people from rural and urban areas of Cuenca canton, of the province of Azuay, Ecuador. About six to eight people participated in each group. The experts’ opinions from the food industry, the food trade, and the health sector were collected using the Delphi methodology. Results: lack of education about the Labeling and the Nutritional Light was observed among the different age groups. Population does not consider nutritional content when buying products or consuming them. In Delphi interview, the industry experts held that the Nutritional Traffic Light System decreased sales of certain products. On the other hand, the health sector’s perspective only considered the improvement of feeding habits and not the negative effects in the productive and commercial sectors. Conclusion: it is necessary to educate the population so that they can interpret and use the information in the Labeling and Nutritional Traffic Light System before they buy and consume food
Percepciones de las embarazadas sobre la consejería nutricional y de actividad física que reciben en el control prenatal en centros de salud del área urbana del cantón Cuenca. 2021
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2023-05-22) Torres Peña, Enrique Alejandro; Rodas Morales, Pauleth Alejandra; Abril Ulloa, Sandra Victoria
Perceptions of pregnant women on the nutritional and physical activity counseling they receive in prenatal care in health centers in the urban area of Cuenca. 2021 The current state of malnutrition and sedentary lifestyle in pregnant women is worrying since the aforementioned can have serious consequences for the health of the mother and child, either in the short, medium or long term. It is important that the nutritional and physical activity counseling is adequate, as well as that the correct perception of the pregnant woman goes hand in hand to the correct implementation of the recommendations. A semi-structured interview was carried out with 16 pregnant women from the urban area, data that were transcribed in Word and subsequently the analysis of the categories was carried out. Information was collected on the perception of pregnant women regarding nutritional counseling and physical activity. And it was known what the facilities and difficulties of pregnant women are to put into practice the recommendations given by the personnel of the health area during the controls in the health center. According to the perceptions of pregnant women, the nutritional and physical activity counseling that is provided in health centers in urban areas is not enough by health personnel.
Prácticas alimentarias de los padres de niños de 5 a 10 años e inseguridad alimentaria en sus hogares durante el COVID – 19 en la ciudad de Cuenca. 2021
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022-11-24) Arroyo Mejía, Josué Andrés; Auquilla Tenesaca, Deyvis Fernando; Abril Ulloa, Sandra Victoria
Background: Several studies conducted worldwide evaluated through various methods the effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behavior; such studies have been conducted both at continental, international and national scales showing in each scenario changes in people's eating behaviors or behaviors, either for better or worse. Objective: To identify changes in the dietary practices of parents of children aged 5 to 10 years and food insecurity in their homes during COVID-19 in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador 2021. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out, with a sample of 385 parents of children from 5 to 10 years of age from public and private educational institutions in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador. Data collection was done through virtual surveys with previously elaborated and validated questions. Results: In the present study, a total of 152 responses were collected; After the total selection process, a total of 126 were worked on; the highest percentage of participants were female (69%). The average age of the participating parents was 35 years, all of them with one or more children between 5 and 10 years of age. Conclusion: The dietary practices of parents with respect to the frequency of consumption of food groups was slightly modified during COVID-19 confinement, with healthy food groups such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains being those that the population opted for a lower consumption. In terms of food insecurity, the results found were very alarming, as more than 98% presented some degree of food insecurity, whether mild, moderate or severe, during COVID-19.

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