Artículos
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Publication Vulnerabilidad e informalidad: ¿Los trabajadores vulnerables son más propensos a la informalidad? Evidencia empírica para el Ecuador(2024) Figueroa Campoverde, David Sebastian; Ávila Villacis, Pamela GabrielaThis research is intended to examine the rela-tionship between the Employment Vulnerabil-ity Index (EVI) and labor informality in Ecuador in 2018, 2019, and 2021 (considering both pre- and post-pandemic periods). The EVI was con-structed using a polychoric principal components analysis (PCPA), while a logistic regression model and a two-stage least squares linear probability model were employed to evaluate its association with workers’ informal status. The findings indi-cate a positive correlation between employment vulnerability and the likelihood of a worker being engaged in the informal sector, with this cor-relation being particularly pronounced among individuals with higher EVI scores. Accordingly, policymakers are advised to concentrate their efforts on enhancing workers’ conditions by increasing educational attainment and imple-menting programs designed to incentivize for-mal employment.Item Effective EFL University Teachers: Measuring Students’ Perceptions(2024) Narváez Cantos, Daysi Lorena; Carreño Jácome, María de LourdesInvestigating perceptions of an effective university English as a foreign language (EFL) teacher has been an ongoing topic in the last few years. However, those studies have focused only on teachers’ perceptions, not students’ perceptions, from the Latin American context and mainly based on Likert scales questionnaires. This study aims to determine university students’ perceptions of what they distinguish as effective EFL university teachers. Based on the CEMEDEPU questionnaire, a new instrument called Effective EFL University Teacher (EEFLUT) of 71 items was created and applied to students from an Ecuadorian public university (N=716). A Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted using AMOS 21 software to evaluate three models. The third model was chosen as the most accurate amid its great performance. This model has three main dimensions (Personal Qualities, Teaching-Learning Methodology, and Assessment Methodology). The reliability of the instrument was evaluated with the KR-20, which showed that two out of three dimensions presented high reliability of >.900. The findings demonstrate that the students value Personal Qualities (PQ) as the most relevant feature of an effective EFL university teacher above the Teaching-Learning Methodology and Assessment Methodology. These results reflect the importance of the participants attribute to the teacher’s personal qualities as one of the components of their satisfaction in learning language.Item La dolarización oficial desde abajo: la vida popular del dólar en Ecuador(CALAS, CLACSO, 2024) Martínez Rodríguez , Luis EmilioItem Marketing, influencers y similaridad: rasgos de personalidad compartidos con sus seguidores(2024) González Loyola, Pablo Arturo; Pugo Bacuilima, Pablo Andrés; Correa Jiménez, Paúl AndrésThe following research aims to identify possible similarities in personality traits between influencers from Cuenca and their followers through the application of the Myers-Briggs test. An exhaustive study is conducted with the objective of determining if there are shared personality characteristics between these two groups. In the first phase of the study, the test is administered to participants to assess their personality. Subsequently, participants are classified according to the results obtained, facilitating the identification of predominant personality traits. Following the initial phase, a detailed analysis of the influencers is carried out, taking into account various criteria related to their leadership style and personality. This analysis is conceived with the purpose of providing a deeper explanation of the possible underlying causes of the similarities or differences observed between influencers and their followers. Upon conclusion, it is demonstrated that personality type, leadership style, content, and message approach are closely related to the results obtained. It is observed that influencer A does not share personality traits with her followers, while influencer B does exhibit similarities in personality with her audience. This finding underscores that similarity in personality between influencers and their followers is not necessarily a constant, but rather conditioned by factors such as leadership style, content, and message approach.Item Factores maternos asociados con el comportamiento de la lactancia materna exclusiva(2024) Sanchez Artigas, RolandoExclusive breastfeeding is essential for the development of the baby in the first months of life. However, in recent years, a worrying decrease in this practice has been observed. Objective: to describe the behavior of exclusive breastfeeding and its relationship with mothers' age, occupation and level of knowledge. Methods: observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study, population of 174 mothers, from which a sample of 148 was selected, by means of probabilistic sampling by quotas, choosing participants randomly under inclusion and exclusion criteria, in the last quarter of 2022 in two health areas of Holguin municipality. Results: 47 % of the mothers stopped breastfeeding their child exclusively in the first three months of age, 26 % at five months and 27 % maintain it for more than six months, the most representative group in the study are mothers between 20 and 30 years of age, predominantly those who work and 90,5 % of them have knowledge on the subject of exclusive breastfeeding, not showing a significant relationship between these variables. Hypogalactia was the main reason for early abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions: the duration of exclusive breastfeeding is below WHO recommendations, the abandonment of this practice is associated to not having enough milk, to the incorporation to work or school and that the child is not able to breastfeed exclusively.Item Contribution of the Link with society in the training of doctors in the Medicine degree at the San Gregorio de Portoviejo University(2024) Sanchez Artigas, RolandoIn Latin America, university extension, today called in Ecuador, connection with society, emerges irreverently with the movement of Córdova, Argentina; It constitutes the historical reason of the university, the engine that provides the basic inputs to Research and Teaching. It is recognized as an academic, dynamic, participatory, dialogic and contextual process that determines social and curricular relevance. It is a real challenge to train responsible professionals committed to solving the problems in their environment, and this is where the contribution of Linkage in the comprehensive training of man is shown, especially in the field of Health Sciences and Medicine particularly. Objective: to assess the contribution of the connection with society in the training of doctors in the Medicine degree at the San Gregorio de Portoviejo University (USGP). Method: it was a qualitative research, analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction and systemic methods were used, bibliographic sources that regulate the policies of this function in Ecuador, in the USGP and in the Medicine career were also reviewed, and of other materials related to Linkage with society, its contribution to the training of professionals in the field of Health Sciences and specifically in Medicine. Results: it was identified that the policy of linkage with society contained in the training program for doctors in the Medicine career meets the external demands and the premises raised by the CES and the USGP. Conclusions: the Medicine degree implements in its links a comprehensive approach, which is exhibited from the dimension of curricular actions, goes through research and is brought together in university extension, for responsible, committed and highly qualified professionals.Item Social Protection of Ecuadorian Immigrants in the United States and Spain(2024) Guillén Salgado, Margarita Lucía; Jerves Hermida, Elena Monserrath; Estrella Toral, María Eugenia; Albarracín Méndez, Jenny PilarResearch on access to social protection for Ecuadorian immigrants is scarce. It remains unclear what social protection they receive and whether this is associated with their sociodemographic profile. This study used the LAMP-ECU4 surveys, with representatives from four communities in southern Ecuador, to conduct a quantitative analysis of the access to social protection of Ecuadorian immigrants in the United States, and Spain in the categories of employment, housing, and money lending, and the relationship between the latter and their sociodemographic profiles. The results showed that Ecuadorian migrants from the four communities had high levels of access to social protection in all three categories. The main source of support was individual ties, and a relationship was found between social protection and the sociodemographic profiles of immigrants. This study provides input for public policy design.Item Comparative study of dynamic response by three types of energy storage systems for grid studies: A Microgrid Laboratory experimental-based study(2024) Iñiguez Morán, Vinicio Estuardo; Ochoa Correa, Danny Vinicio; Villa Ávila, Edisson Andrés; Astudillo Salinas, Patricio AlcidesImplementing Energy Storage Systems (ESS) is increasingly significant in power electrical systems. This is attributed to their ability to store surplus electricity generated by renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, contributing to the balance between generation and demand. Literature studies indicate that this practice enhances network stability and diminishes the need for expensive redesigns in infrastructure. This paper presents an exhaustive experimentation-based study of the dynamic response provided by three energy storage system technologies: supercapacitors, Lithium-Ion batteries, and Vanadium redox flow batteries, technologies with significant academic, research, and industrial interests nowadays. The objective of this research is the experimental evaluation of the performance of such technologies in real electrical system operations, focusing on determining the efficiency of charge and discharge, as well as the tracking of active and reactive power achieved through the associated grid interface. The experimental tests performed in a microgrid laboratory show these technologies’ advantages and limitations in different grid-integration applications, with the Lithium-Ion battery-based ESS demonstrating the highest efficiency and faster power response. The results achieved and reported in the article can serve as an essential input for researchers and technology developers to feed their models with more precise parameters and data that might provide results closer to the actual behaviour of the studied prototypes. The methodological framework used in this research is descriptive, experimental, and quantitative.Item Identifying locations for electric vehicle charging stations in urban areas through the application of multicriteria techniques(2024) Ochoa Correa, Danny VinicioThe incorporation of electric vehicles (EVs) into urban mobility is increasing daily, driving the need to incorporate urban charging stations (EVCSs) additionally. This study proposes a methodology for identifying adequate EVCS locations within an urban area. This methodology is based on the joint application of multicriteria decision-making methods (MCDMs) to solve urban planning problems related to the placement of EVCSs. As a starting point, the locations of the existing fossil fuel supply stations in each city are used as alternatives. The city of Cuenca, Ecuador, is used as a case study. Criteria and subcriteria have also been determined based on the available information and are used to propose three scenarios based on their value variation, which is established as preponderance weights. Among the results obtained, three alternatives scored better than the rest in most of the evaluations. As there was no conclusive result, a statistical analysis was conducted to strengthen the decision-making process and determine the most favourable potential locations.Item Evaluación preliminar de la composición florística y usos de la vegetación en bosques secu ndarios, provincia de Azua y(2016) Zea Dávila, Pedro René; Tepán Vizhco, Braulio Vicente; Jadán Maza, Ángel Oswaldo; Cedillo Tapia, Hugo AlbertoThe high Andean secondary forests have been poorly studied floristically in southern Ecuador. They have great attributes in diversity and vegetation structure. This study evaluated parameters richness, diversity and vegetation structure in two altitude belts and their relationships with uses of vegetation. Were installed 20 plots located in two altitudinal belts. The values of the parameters were analyzed through mean comparisons between the two-altitudinal belts. The variation in the floristic composition was analyzed trough species turnover and non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination (NMDS). The parameters that best explained the variation in floristic composition were selected and analyzed through ordination, correlation and association in principal components. This registered higher values in richness, structure and potential use of fustales in plots located in the second altitudinal belt. This registered a lower exchange of species, obtaining two different altitudinal belts floristically. Richness, abundance, and dominance in fustales is correlated with potential uses, and these are associated with the plots located at higher altitudes. According the dissimilarity floristic, we conclude that species composition is explicitly related with variables that co-vary with elevation, stage and management or use of vegetation.Item Relación entre deforestación y variables topográficas en un contexto agrícola ganadero, cantón Cuenca(2016) Jadán Maza, Ángel Oswaldo; Cedillo Tapia, Hugo Alberto; Zea Dávila, Pedro René; Quichimbo Miguitama, Pablo Geovanny; Vaca Vaca, Carlos MiguelDeforestation has historically been an evolution linked to many factors, including topographic. However, these factors are not considered for the analysis of deforestation that allows implicitly know the geographical scenarios linked to the change of use. In the present study, deforestation in two time periods and its relationship with altitude and topography was evaluated. Forest and combination of native vegetation: Forest + native vegetation and herbaceous vegetation cover two were considered. Methods of spatial analysis was applied for construction of digital layers and digital elevation models using GIS tools. He presented forest coverage losses in surface with greater intensity in the second period of analysis. Not, all combined native vegetation that presented only lost in the second period. The biggest changes of use, both in forest and vegetation combined are directed to the conversion of agricultural land. Higher deforestation was recorded at higher altitude sites, except for the combined native, which increased in the first period of study in higher altitude sites. Finally, changes in land use were recorded at sites with low and moderate slopes, except for the combined native vegetation increased in the first period of study in areas with lower slope. Knowledge of patterns of deforestation opportunity to experience the greatest impact scenarios to implement relevant actions to avoid changing land use.Item Heterogeneous Communication Network Architecture for the Management of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: Multi-Aggregator Management in Microgrids with High Photovoltaic Variability Based on Multiple Solar Radiation Sensors(2024) Ochoa Correa, Danny Vinicio; Gonzalez Morales, Luis GerardoElectric power systems with a high penetration of photovoltaic generation and a relevant fleet of electric vehicles face significant stability challenges, particularly in mountainous areas where the variability of photovoltaic resources is pronounced. This study presents a novel methodology to strategically place electric vehicle aggregators along a feeder. This approach considers electrical variables and the dynamics of cloud movements within the study area. This innovative methodology reduces the substation’s power load demand and significantly improves the end user’s voltage levels. The improvements in voltage regulation and reduced demand on the substation provide clear benefits, including increased system resilience, better integration of renewable energy sources, and enhanced overall efficiency of the electric grid. These advantages are particularly critical in regions with high levels of photovoltaic generation and are important in promoting sustainable electric vehicle charging infrastructure. When analyzing different load scenarios for the IEEE European Low Voltage Test Feeder system, the consideration of distributed aggregators based on cloud movements decreased the power required at the substation by 21.25%, and the voltage drop in loads was reduced from 6.9% to 4.29%. This research underscores the critical need to consider both the variability and geographical distribution of PV resources in the planning and operation of electrical systems with extensive PV generation.Item Optimization of Impedance Relay Placement in Medium-Voltage Electrical Distribution Systems through Clustering Algorithms and Metaheuristics(2024) Ochoa Correa, Danny VinicioThis study explores the feasibility of using impedance relays in electrical distribution systems, a context where their application is not as common as in transmission systems. Given the dynamic nature and complex topology of medium-voltage distribution systems, this work proposes an innovative methodology integrating clustering algorithms and metaheuristic techniques to optimize the placement of impedance relays and enhance system reliability and resilience. Using CYME simulation and the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) method, case studies were designed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The results demonstrated that strategic placement of impedance relays reduces failure frequency and significantly improves the system’s response to such failures. This approach allows for a more efficient configuration and quicker response, which is crucial for maintaining continuity and quality of power supply. A detailed analysis of system behavior under various fault scenarios illustrates the robustness and adaptability of the proposed solution, marking a significant advancement in the protection and optimization of electrical distribution systems.Item Urban density as variable of city analysis. The case of Cuenca, Ecuador(2015) Hermida Palacios, María Augusta; Hermida Palacios, Carla Marcela; Cabrera Jara, Natasha Eulalia; Calle Figueroa, Christian EstebanThe theoretical debate about the scattered city versus the compact city, in the worldwide and particularly in Latin America, this put in evidence the necessary key aspects to propose a new city model, where the quality of life in the present and future generations will be the focus point of reflection. Throughout the study of the state of the art about this topic, it concludes that the returning to a compact city model is the alternative for a possible sustainable development in the intermediate cities of Latin America. In the Cuenca case is concentrated in the study of the densities of the city from the 1950s until today. It is amazing to prove that Cuenca was a compact city with a high quality of life, but gradually it is unnecessarily expanding, with all the problems involved.Item A study of microgrids through cooperative games including the effect of geographical proximity.(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, 2017) Sanango Fernandez, Juan BautistaGiven the growing demand for energy and the diversification of its sources, electric utilities have seen the need to incorporate distributed generation in their systems in order to minimize energy losses and raise quality indicators. In this context, it is important to have mathematical tools to assist the management of energy exchange between all players in an electrical system (customers, generators, and "prosumers"). The theory of cooperative games offers tools that are able to model the exchange among coalitions formed by elements of a system. Specifically, we adopt an existing algorithm that simulates the exchange of energy between microgrids as a cooperative game. In order to avoid the consideration of unrealistic coalition formation scenarios, we modify this algorithm by including the effect of geographical proximity. The resulting strategy was implemented in MatLab and was applied to a simple case study. Both the effect of including this restriction on the reduction of losses and the impossibility of forming the so-called grand coalition are analyzed.Item An Assessment of Voice Quality and QoS in Real VoIP Calls Using Multiple Voice Codecs(International Institute of Informatics and Cybernetics, 2024) Ortega Ortega, Martín Eduardo; Ortega Ortega, Martín EduardoTo get an excellent voice quality in Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) calls you need to analyze and evaluate the perception that the user has in these calls, in addition to their Quality of Service (QoS). Thus, the analysis of the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) and the technical theoretical values of QoS, such as latency, jitter, and packet loss, were carried out in this research. For this we used different case scenarios based on the IntraWireless Local Area Network (Intra-WLAN) belonging to the institution of higher education in Ecuador, where the present research work was carried out, using also an External WLAN or a plan of Internet services and mobile data. In the case scenarios, real VoIP calls were made, of which 64 were documented. These calls were made through three softphone applications with Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) accounts installed in two terminal equipment (smartphones). Within the three applications, the following 8 voice codecs were configured: G.711u, G.711a, G.722 (wideband), G.726-32 (between wideband and narrowband), and GSM 06.10, G.729, Speex-8 and iLBC-13.33 (narrowband). In the tests performed during VoIP calls regarding MOS and QoS, the best result was obtained with the iLBC-13.33 codec.Item An Integrated Approach to the Spanish Driving Behavior Questionnaire (SDBQ) in the City of Cuenca, Ecuador(2024) Ortega Ortega, Martín EduardoTraffic collisions are the seventh leading cause of death in Ecuador, with reckless driving being one of the main causes. Although there are statistical data on traffic crashes, there has not yet been a comprehensive investigation of the causes. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate unsafe driving behavior using a modified version of the Spanish Driving Behavior Questionnaire (SDBQ) adapted for Ecuador. The 34-item SDBQ we used has four main dimensions: lapses, errors, violations, and aggressive driving. To apply the SDBQ, a stratified random probability sample of 470 drivers with valid driver’s licenses aged 18–69 was used. Of the drivers, 68.8% were male, while 33.2% were female. We used a chi-square test and descriptive statistics to analyze the data for the SDBQ application items. Finally, four generalized linear Poisson models were used. The results show that taxi drivers have the highest scores on three of the four main dimensions of the SDBQ and male drivers are more likely than female drivers to cause traffic accidents. Drivers are also more likely to cause traffic accidents if they drive more hours per day. This research is the first of its kind to analyze driver behavior-based solutions in Ecuador to reduce traffic accidents. The error factor is the most critical outcome of dangerous behavior in the city of Cuenca. The SDBQ aims to foster a culture of safety and sustainability by promoting road safety measures through legislation and traffic regulations.Publication Eficiencia energética y ahorro de energía en el Ecuador(Universidad de Cuenca, 2015) Espinoza Abad, Juan LeonardoPublication Control energético tranviario mediante el uso de hidrógeno y supercapacitores(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024) Arevalo Armijos, Jaime PaulItem Auto muestreo para el diagnóstico de VPH y vacunación para la prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino en Ecuador(2024) Vega Crespo, Bernardo JoséCervical cancer is a disease that can be eliminated through vaccination against the human papillomavirus (HPV), timely detection using high-sen- sitivity tests, and the monitoring/treatment of cervical pathologies. In Ecua- dor, cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. Mortality from this cause is related to vaccination and screening coverage at the national level, which still does not meet international standards. This document compiles scientific evidence generated at the national and inter- national levels, aimed at reducing mortality from this disease.