Edición especial (septiembre 2016)
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Item Caracterización del proceso tradicional del pelado de maíz con ceniza con miras a la inocuidad alimentaria(Universidad de Cuenca, 2016-09) Ochoa, María Cristina; Molina, María José; Astudillo, Gabriela; Donoso, Silvana; Ortiz, JohanaIn Ecuador, as in the rest of Latin America, maize production and consumption is high (82,9 Kg/person/year). Maize is susceptible of contamination with mycotoxins, however, nixtamalization and similar peeling processes have the potential of detoxify the cereal. The objective of this study is to characterize and standardize the traditional process of peeling maize using ash in Ecuador. An exploratory study was performed I Nab´on-Ecuador from August to September 2014. Interviews were carried-out among 40 community members to collect data on maize peeling process. The Ecuadorian process “traditional process of wood ash nixtamalization” is performed as follows: it uses 1,450 grams of wood ash for each 2,500 grams of maize, this two ingredients are added to boiling water (4.8 liters) and the mixture is cooked during 0.5-1 hour with constant movement. Subsequently, the removal of the pericarp is performed by manual rub, then, the maize is subjected to soaking (12 hours) and drying (48-72 hours) processes. The standardization of the process could encourage the use of this traditional technique accessible to the community, keeping the organoleptic characteristics and ensuring food safety without increasing maize price in the market.Item La influencia de la vegetación arbórea urbana para disminuir el nivel de polución y alcanzar el confort climático(Universidad de Cuenca, 2016-09) Guillén Mena, Vanessa; Orellana, DianaThe article discusses the relationship and importance of urban trees to achieve comfort in outdoor spaces and mitigate the impacts of urban pollution and heat island. To determinate the pollution levels in Cuenca is consulted the annual monitoring reports by the Municipal Mobility and Transport from 2008 to 2014. The National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology reports and Reporting Standard Construction (NEC - 11) to diagnose the climatic conditions of the city and set the range of thermal comfort are used. Finally, a simulation ECOTECT of solar radiation in a city park is made and checked as the shadow of the vegetation helps achieve comfort levels during the hours of highest solar incidenceItem Menestras de lenteja enlatadas, reducidas en sodio(Universidad de Cuenca, 2016-09) Donoso, Natalia; Alvarez, CeciliaIn this study it has been investigated whether a processed canned food changes its physical, chemical and organoleptic properties, by reducing sodium chloride - usually contained in these products- and replacing with other salts: potassium chloride and magnesium chloride, in order to avoid the presence of sodium that is not recommended for some peoples health. For this, pretests were performed to review the acceptance of the other chlorides. Once that this acceptance was known, the formulation of a canned stew (menestras) with these salts was prepared. It was compared with the witness which had the regular amount of salt: sodium chloride in the regular portion of a homemade formula and which at the same time fulfill the requirements of the standard INEN regulation. Appert’s method was applied in this process. The “menestras” were physically and chemically evaluated, and then, a sensory analysis was conducted for the acceptance testing with a taste panel conformed by general public. With this study it can be concluded that it is possible to reduce the presence of sodium in a diet. It is possible to produce a canned stew product containing less sodium than normally used with good consumers’ acceptance.Item Determinación del estado nutricional en los niños de 6 a 12 años de la escuela Arzobispo Serrano, de la ciudad de Cuenca, Noviembre 2014 - Enero 2015(Universidad de Cuenca, 2016-09) Alejandro, Silvia; Santana, Roy; Cumbe, KarlaThe assessment of nutritional status is a good index for early capture situations of malnutrition, which is very common in school. Through, a descriptive cross-sectional study, the nutritional status of 221 students of the school “Archbishop Serrano” in Cuenca city, were assessed using the anthropometric indicators, BMI for age of the WHO and a questionnaire of food frequency aimed to the students’ mothers. The results have demonstrated that 42.0% of the studied population had a normal nutritional status, 38.5% were malnourished and 19.5% were overweight. In addition, we observed that the overweight state would be more likely with a low consumption of fruits, meats and the high level of intake over processed foods. On the other hand, the low weight is less likely with a low consumption of one to three dairy portion of fruits, meats and processed foods. These results corroborate the need to implement consistent actions of primary care to promote healthy lifestyles, in order to consider the whole environment of students at the school, which will allow greater welfare for the individual, the family and the state.Item Tratamiento integral de la sarcopenia senil(Universidad de Cuenca, 2016-09) Paladines, Betsabeth; Quizhpi, Antonio; Villota, Pabloits treatment. Sarcopenia is a condition that involves decrease in muscle mass, strength and function. It compromises the life quality of an elderly untill disability. Physiological aging predisposes a catabolic state due to protein synthesis decrement and an increase in muscle fibers destruction. The Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWSOP) proposes diagnosis based on the decrement in muscle mass, strength and physical performance. The best overall therapeutic approach comprises the combination of an adequate nutritional intake and an exercise program. Nutritional management tools that have evidence of their benefit is a high protein diet, supplementation with branched-chain amino acids and vitamin D. Currently there are several exercise programs that ensure a progressive muscle gain and even prevent sarcopenic status. Not to downplay aerobic exercise, flexibility and balance that together improve the pacients’ mobility. It is necessary to continue with well-structured studies around nutritional treatment and exercise combined together to complete its benefits in the management of sarcopenia.Item Cumplimiento de las metas del ATPIII con los diferentes tratamientos hipolipemiantes en centros hospitalarios de Quito y Guayaquil(Universidad de Cuenca, 2016-09) Estrella, Andrea; Hernández, Isabel; Salazar, Jorge; Duarte, Yan; Terán, EnriqueCardiovascular diseases cause avoidable health care costs; therefore the panel of experts on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Cholesterol (ATPIII) has established guidelines for its treatment. In this explanatory, observational and retrospective study, 195 patients were studied, both in public and private sectors, adults older than 30 years, with confirmed dyslipidemia by laboratory analysis; who have received medical care for at least three months. From each patient clinical record, age, gender, diagnosis, initial and 12 weeks values of lipids, and treatment provided were collected. The results showed that subjects had high or very high cardiovascular risk, also they were mainly female. Comparing the initial with the post treatment lipid values, in the high-risk group there was a no significant decrease in all lipids values, whereas in very high risk subjects there was a significant decrease of triglycerides (p=0.02) and LDL cholesterol (p<0.0001). The achievement of ATP III goals was only in 20% subjects. Statins were the treatment of choice in 91% of the cases.Item Prevalencia de alergia alimentaria auto-reportada en adolescentes de Cuenca y Santa Isabel - Ecuador(Universidad de Cuenca, 2016-09) Morillo Argudo, Diana Alexandra; Ochoa Avilés, Angélica María; Rodas, Claudia; Córdova, Diana; Zúñiga, Gabriela; García, Ana; Chávez, Ana Cristina; Ramírez, Patricia; Andrade, SusanaFood allergy (FA) is associated with the development of atopic diseases and anaphylaxis in adolescents. It was determined and compared among adolescents Cuenca and Santa Isabel: i) self-reported FA prevalence, ii) common food allergens and iii) self-reported atopic diseases. Crosssectional study was conducted in adolescents from Cuenca (n = 967) and Santa Isabel (n = 498) between July 2013 and July 2014. Data were collected through self-reported FA questionnaires. The prevalence of self-reported FA was 27.8% (Cuenca 31.5% vs. Santa Isabel 21.1 %; P <0.001). Additives were the major foods reported followed by the non-citrus fruits. 20.4% of adolescents who reported atopic diseases also reported suggestive symptoms of FA, while 7.4% of adolescents who reported suggestive symptoms of FA didn’t report atopic diseases (OR 3.39, 95% CI 2.6 to 4.4, P <0.001). In conclusion, self-reported additives and non-citrus fruits allergy were the most prevalent among adolescents in Cuenca and Santa Isabel. New foods usually not reported were identified. Adolescents with atopic disease were three times more likely to report FA than those who did not have atopic diseases.Item Evaluación del proceso de cuidado nutricional en la consulta externa de dos hospitales del distrito metropolitano de Quito, Ecuador(Universidad de Cuenca, 2016-09) Espinosa, Verónica; Suárez, Gabriela; Galarza, William; Teran, EnriqueWorking in food and nutrition area requires of evidence-based strategies, so the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics developed a specific Nutritional Care Process (NCP) which is a systematic model that empower to professional nutritionists in order to realize a complete nutritional assessment to make judgments in proper nutritional diagnoses and to make autonomous decisions in this process. This was a descriptive research, which looked into the outpatient nutritional assistance in two public hospitals in Quito. It includes 190 patients, distributed in proportion 2:1 between Hospital A and Hospital B. A check list was used to describe each phase of the NCP. ed by chi-square test with Fisher correction. The results show that there is variability in the nutritional assessment (p < 0.0001), in this way, hospital A apply food anamnesis and clinical assessment in greater proportion (p < 0.0001), while Hospital B gets more anthropometric data; diagnoses do not have significant statistical difference (p = 0.31), BMI is used as the only tool and basis for treatment: in the nutritional intervention, the Hospital A has a higher record of nutritional goals (95.2 %) compared to Hospital B (69.8 %) (p < 0.001). In conclusion, both researched institutions have variability in the use and documentation of the NCP components.Item Relación entre el consumo de frituras y estado nutricional en niños y niñas menores de cinco años que asisten al Centro de Desarrollo Infantil Gregorio Cordero Crespo de la ciudad de Azogues(Universidad de Cuenca, 2016-09) Aguirre, MaríaThe purpose of this research study is to determine the relationship between fried food consumption and nutritional status in a group of children under five registered in the CDI Gregorio Cordero Crespo Azogues city. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted, in which 63 children under five years (36 boys and 27 girls) were studied. In the CDI children’s center did not exist some data regarding undernourishment children; however, while the process of the study 92.1% of children had a normal nutritional status, 4.7% showed overweight and 3.2% proved obesity. Regarding the level of physical activity the results showed 88.9% as a low category and 11.1% as a moderate category, and based on the importance of this last variable it is important to highlight the age of participants, considering that in this city the extracurricular sports activities are offered for children over 6 years. Additionally, while applying the Chi-square test, it was determined that there was no a relation between the nutritional status and the frequency of consumption of snacks. Therefore, the data could be considered as a possible reflection of the family diet, considering that the purchasing power is on the parents and not the children.Item Estudio de la presencia de aflatoxinas en cereales para niños, expendidos en el mercado el Arenal de la ciudad de Cuenca(Universidad de Cuenca, 2016-09) Tinoco, MónicaThis study aims to determine the presence of aflatoxins in extruded cereals sold in bulk at El Arenal market. During a period of five months, 30 samples were collected and then analyzed in the laboratories of “Universidad del Azuay” by using the Veratox kit for Aflatoxin HS. This kit is capable of determine quantitatively aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 through the enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. From the total samples analyzed, 1% was within the permitted limit of 10 mg/Kg, which is the European Union legislation. This value has been taken as reference for this study because Ecuador does not have a regulation for corn products; however, it is important to note that 80% of the samples show low levels of aflatoxins, which in a long term could be one of the causes of various diseases related to cancer.Item El futuro de los alimentos en el 2025. Una perspectiva global(Universidad de Cuenca, 2016-09) Carvajal Larenas, Francisco ErnestoIn 2025, the food supply will depend on factors such as environment, politics, economics and technology. The most important environmental factors will be the global climate change and the exhausting of natural resources. From a practical point of view, because Food Security system generates better agronomic yields, than those obtained with Food Sovereignty, the first will continue being the politic approach to control the food chain and food supply, and in despite the fact that this system has been imputed to produce with high cost to environment and society. The inclusion of food on financial markets, (un)fairness of global trade, volume and origin of biofuel production, increments in per capita food demand, and population growing will affect the food demand and its price, and as a consequence, its availability. In this scenario, improved meat substitutes, vertical and non-land farming, printed 3D food, biotechnology, nanotechnology and other technologies must be studied. Moreover, to insurance the future food supply, it is mandatory to obtain fair agro commerce agreements and changes in life style. Finally, empowerment thinking is the conceptual frame recommends to every country to address the coming food supply, especially if that one is poor.