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13 herramientas para el análisis y diseño participativo de espacios públicos
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022) Carrión Astudillo, Joseline Gabriela; Orellana Vintimilla, Daniel Augusto; Acurio Vintimilla, Maria Emilia; Méndez Abad, Xavier Rene; Pozo Urquizo, Ricardo Alberto; Chunga De la torre, Felix Eduardo; Schoonjans, Yves
250-year records of mercury and trace element deposition in two lakes from Cajas National Park, SW Ecuadorian Andes
(2021) Schneider, Tobias; Musa Bandowe, Benjamin; Mestrot, Adrien; Mestrot, Adrien; Hampel, Henrietta; Mosquera, Pablo; Frankl, Lea; Wienhues, Giulia; Vogel, Hendrik; Tylmann, Wojciech; Grosjean, Martin
Historical records of trace elements in lake sediments provide source-to-sink information about potentially toxic pollutants across space and time. We investigated two lakes located at different elevations in the Ecuadorian Andes to understand how trace element fluxes are related to (i) geology, (ii) erosion in the watersheds, and (iii) local point sources and atmospheric loads. In remote Lake Fondococha (4150 m a.s.l.), total Hg fluxes stay constant between ca. 1760 and 1950 and show an approximately 4.4-fold increase between pre-1950 and post-1950 values. The post-1950 increase in fluxes of other trace elements (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) is lower (2.1–3.0-fold) than for Hg. Mostly lithogenic sources and enhanced soil erosion contribute to their post-1950 increase (lithogenic contribution: > 85%, Hg: ~ 58%). Average post-1950 Hg fluxes are approximately 4.3 times higher in peri-urban Lake Llaviucu (3150 m a.s.l.) than in the remote Lake Fondococha. Post-1950 fluxes of the other trace elements showed larger differences between Lakes Fondococha and Llaviucu (5.2 < 25–29.5-fold increase; Ni < Pb–Cd). The comparison of the post-1950 average trace element fluxes that are derived from point and airborne sources revealed 5–687 (Hg–Pb) times higher values in Lake Llaviucu than in Lake Fondococha suggesting that Lake Llaviucu’s proximity to the city of Cuenca strongly influences its deposition record (industrial emissions, traffic, caged fishery). Both lakes responded with temporary drops in trace element accumulations to park regulations in the 1970s and 1990s, but show again increasing trends in recent times, most likely caused by increase in vehicular traffic and openings of copper and gold mines around Cajas National Park.
3(4) data models and their opportunity for relevant heritage analyses under a preventive conservation approach
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2012) Heras Barros, Veronica Cristina; De Cubber, Ine; Van Balen, Koen; Anja Wijffels, Louisa María; Steenberghen, Therese; Van Orshoven, José
Preservation of cultural heritage is progressively linked to regular maintenance and a continuous monitoring; both activities will define what is known as preventive conservation. This paper discusses the design of a conceptual model for a heritage monitoring system as a support to preventive conservation practices in World Heritage Properties. With respect to these properties the design of the proposed system starts by the choice of a data model, which is determined by different requirements. In heritage conservation, these requests are based on the values and attributes of analyzed elements. They will allow to the system the act of measuring change in the state, number or values presence. Within this framework, a conceptual model is proposed, showing how values and characteristics of heritage elements can be translated into data requirements, how these data requirements define a data model, how this data model determines the database to finally established , how the database determines the best choice for a Geographic Information System (GIS). The paper was illustrated for building blocks in Cuenca and it gives an insight into requirements and potentials of a heritage monitoring system able to combine complex information in spatial reference system valuable to public administration (site managers) for more informed decision making and management strategies. For Cuenca and other world heritage sites, the link made between technology (databases + GIS) and heritage requirements has the objective to overcome the existing gaps and to promote a more nimble heritage management.
A 150-year record of polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) deposition from high Andean Cajas National Park, southern Ecuador
(2018) Musa Bandowe, Benjamin; Frankl, Lea; Grosjean, Martin; Tylmann, Wojciech; Mosquera, Pablo; Hampel, Henrietta; Schneider, Tobias
The temporal profiles of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in lake sediments reflect past changes in emissions, transport and deposition of these pollutants and, thus, record natural and anthropogenic processes. We document fluxes of PACs [(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) and azaarenes (AZAs)] deposited in two tropical high-altitude lakes in the CajasNational Park (Ecuadorian Andes, 2°50′S, 79°10′ W). In remote and high elevation Laguna Fondococha (4130 m a.s.l.), the temporal fluxes of OPAHs and AZAs were similar to those of PAHs suggesting similar sources. A significant increase of PAC deposition after the 1950s reflects Ecuador's economic development. PAH fluxes were relatively low (Σ27PAHs (without retene and perylene): 0.86–11.21 ng cm−2 yr−1) with a composition pattern typical for long-range atmospheric transport (high 9-fluorenone/fluorene ratios) and biomass burning (30% lowmolecularweight PAHs). PAHs diagnostic of high temperature combustion (industry, traffic) make up 20–25% of total PAHs. Perylene concentrations increase linearly with increasing sediment depth suggesting diagenetic in-situ production. At lower elevations (Laguna Llaviucu, 3140 m a.s.l.) and closer to urban areas, PAC fluxes in the past decades were 4–5 times higher than in the remote high-elevation lake. Laguna Llaviucu also showed higher concentrations of high molecular weight pyrogenic PAHs and a greater diversity of AZAs. Individual OPAHs and AZAs reflect mainly combustion activities. In Laguna Llaviucu, which is at a lower elevation (3140 m a.s.l.) and closer to the city, molecular ratios suggest short-range atmospheric transport and deposition of PACs.A very foggy climate (170 rainy days per year) with the precipitation maximum at 3500 m removes PACs very efficiently (by wet deposition) from the atmosphere at very short distances from emission sources. This partly explains why L. Llaviucu shows higher fluxes of PACs than the higher elevation L. Fondococha. This study presents the first historical record of organic pollutants from environmental archives in Ecuador.
A brief version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS): validity evidence in ecuadorian population
(2020) Reivan Ortiz, Geovanny Genaro; Ortiz Rodas, Patricia Elizabeth; Reivan Ortiz, Patricia Natali
Due to the scarcity of evaluation instruments on the construct of diﬃculties in emotional regulation in the Ecuadorian university context, the objective of the present study was to adapt linguistically and to study the psychometric properties of the Diﬃculty Scale in Emotional Regulation (DERS) in a sample of Ecuadorian university students. A non-probability sample of 1172 participants between 17 and 32 years of age (M = 21.99; DT = 2.49), which consisted of 58.6% women and 41.4% men, was used. The research was carried out in three stages. The first study evaluated the Ecuadorian linguistic adaptation of the scale. The second study referred to the factorization by main axes identifying five factors (Lack of emotional understanding; Limited access to regulation strategies; Diﬃculties in impulse control; Interferences in goal-directed behaviors; Lack of emotional clarity) theoretically interpretable, which explain 49.22% of the variance. The third study developed a confirmatory factor analysis that specified an acceptable fit of the model (GFI = .95; AGFI = .95; NFI = .94; RMR = .11). The reliability coeﬃcients are acceptable as .90 Cronbach’s alpha and .91 McDonald’s omega. In conclusion, it is mentioned that the Ecuadorian version of the DERS in a university sample exhibits good psychometric characteristics of internal structure and responses.
A case report: regarding transduodenal sphincteroplasty
(2021) Ordoñez Velecela, Maria Soledad; Arteaga Huiracocha, Jorge Alejandro; Himmler, Amber N; Reinoso, Jeovanni; Salamea Molina, Juan Carlos
Introduction: Stenosing papillitis is rare. It can be primary or secondary and occurs due to the presence of stones in the common bile duct. The initial treatment of choledocholithiasis is endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). However, when ERCP is unsuccessful, the transduodenal sphincteroplasty is an alternative strategy that obtains satisfactory results in select patients. Case description: A 27-year-old female patient presents right-upper quadrant pain associated with scleral icterus. She had choledocholithiasis and cholestasis. The ERCP performed was failed, so an open cholecystectomy with common bile duct exploration was undertaken. As the ampulla could not be cannulated, a “T” tube was placed. On a postoperative day 15, a cholangiography was performed without evidence of contrast passage into the duodenum. A re-exploration of the bile duct was undertaken 30 days after and a papillary exploration through a transduodenal approach was performed. A new cholangiography was done on postoperative day 9, at which point adequate passage of contrast into the duodenum was appreciated. Conclusion: Transduodenal sphincteroplasty is a procedure rarely performed in the era of endoscopy. Nonetheless, when these cases do come up, knowing the appropriate surgical technique is crucial to obtain satisfactory results for the patient.
A case study of learning strategies of older adults attending an english course
(2018) Fárez Plasencia, María Isabel; Quinde Lituma, Maria Elena; Mora Reino, Juan Fernando; Quito Gutiérrez, Isabel Rosalva; Macias León, Louis Eduardo
This study explores the most frequently used learning strategies of a group of older adults in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador, attending an English course. Sixty-six participants (with an average age of 71.05) responded to the 50-item questionnaire on learning strategies of Oxford (1990). Statistical analyses and an analysis of correlation between sociodemographic variables were conducted to determine the prevailing learning styles of the intervention group and its relationship with the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants. The results indicate that older adults use all the strategies categorized by Oxford, predominantly the metacognitive ones, meaning that they mainly reflect, plan, monitor, and evaluate their own learning process. In addition, the results reveal the positive correlation of the variables age, level of English, and level of education and occupation before retirement. The three last-mentioned were found to be determinant in the preferences of the participants.
A case study of learning styles of older adults attending an English course
(2017) Mora Reino, Juan Fernando
The education of older adults is of special interest to instructors and researchers involved in lifelong education. There is not an overabundance of research in the area of the learning styles of this age group, and the exploration of it might produce significant insights about materials and methodologies that may meet their learning needs successfully. This study analyses the learning styles preferred by a group of older adults in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador. Sixty-six participants (with an average age of 71.05) taking English as a foreign language course responded to the 44-item questionnaire on learning styles by Felder & Soloman (1997). The information of the respondents using statistical and correlation analyses permitted to define the prevailing learning styles and its relation with the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants. The results indicate that older adults express preference for the sensing, active, visual, and sequential styles, being people who tend to work better with facts rather than theories. They also like teamwork, prefer images to sounds, and are methodical in their learning process. In addition, the results reveal the positive correlation of the variables age, level of English, and level of education and occupation before retirement. The two last-mentioned were found to be determinant in the preferences of the participants
A causal flow approach for the evaluation of global climate models
(2020) Vázquez Patiño, Angel Oswaldo; Campozano Parra, Lenin Vladimir; Mendoza Sigüenza, Daniel Emilio; Samaniego Alvarado, Esteban Patricio
© 2020 Royal Meteorological Society Global climate models (GCMs) are generally used to forecast weather, understand the present climate, and project climate change. Their reliability usually rests on their capability to represent climatic processes, and most evaluations directly measure the spatiotemporal agreement of scalar climate variables. However, climate naturally involves complex interactions that are hard to infer and, therefore, difficult to evaluate. Climate networks (CNs) have been used to infer flows of mass and energy in the complex climate system. Here, an Evaluation of Models by Causal Flows (EMCaF) is proposed. EMCaF focuses on the assessment of properties about mass and energy flows in the CNs derived from GCMs. First, causal CNs are inferred from GCMs, and then the capabilities to reproduce characteristic transfer flows are assessed with reference models. A more in-depth feature is the possibility to assess how climate change disturbs CNs properties. In addition to the quantitative difference between modelled and observed values taken into account in standard evaluations, the EMCaF approach aims to assess the weaknesses and strengths of GCMs to represent climate mechanisms and processes that couple different components of the climate system. The comparison of models through this approach allows having complimentary feedback on model evaluations to understand possible causes of errors and enable a judgement based on processes. The approach is illustrated by evaluating one GCM and subsequently assessing changes of its CNs under future climate projections. Results show that known climatic patterns are assimilated and that causal strength patterns are likely to agree with the wind magnitude as a transfer factor. Significative issues are then explored, showing the capabilities of the approach and allowing understand fundamental structures in transport flows, compare their properties, and assess changes in the future. Different alternatives and considerations in each step of the approach are discussed to expand its applicability.
A closer look on spatiotemporal variations of dissolved oxygen in waste stabilization ponds using mixed models
(2018) Alvarado Martínez, Andrés Omar; Ho, Long
Dissolved oxygen is an essential controlling factor in the performance of facultative and maturation ponds since both take many advantages of algal photosynthetic oxygenation. The rate of this photosynthesis strongly depends on the time during the day and the location in a pond system, whose roles have been overlooked in previous guidelines of pond operation and maintenance (O&M). To elucidate these influences, a linear mixed effect model (LMM) was built on the data collected from three intensive sampling campaigns in a waste stabilization pond in Cuenca, Ecuador. Within two parallel lines of facultative and maturation ponds, nine locations were sampled at two depths in each pond. In general, the output of the mixed model indicated high spatial autocorrelations of data and wide spatiotemporal variations of the oxygen level among and within the ponds. Particularly …
A comparison of vehicle emissions control strategies for smart cities
(2023) Barbecho Bautista, Pablo Andrés
Many studies have shown that air quality in cities is affected due to emissions of carbon from vehicles. As a result, policymakers (e.g., municipalities) intensely search for new ways to reduce air pollution due to its relation to health diseases. With this concern, connected vehicle technologies can leverage alternative on-road emissions control policies. The present investigation studies the impact on air pollution by (i) updating vehicles’ routes to avoid pollution exposure (route choice policy), (ii) updating vehicles’ speed limits (speed control policy), and (iii) considering electric vehicles (EVs). Vehicles are informed in advance about route conditions (i.e., on-road emissions) using the vehicular network. We found that by updating vehicle routes, 7.43% less CO emissions are produced within the evaluated region. Also, we find no evidence of significant emissions reductions in the case of limiting vehicles’ speed. Lastly, with 30% of EV penetration, safe CO emissions levels are reached.
A comprehensive solution for electrical energy demand prediction based on auto-regressive models
(Springer Nature, 2020) Sáenz Peñafiel, Juan José; Luzuriaga, Jorge E.; Lemus Zúñiga, Lenin Guillermo; Solis Cabrera, Vanessa Alexandra; Sáenz Peñafiel, Juan José
Energy consumption and demand are two widely used terms necessary to understand the functioning of the different mechanisms used in electrical energy transactions. In this article, the design and construction of a comprehensive solution to forecast future trends in electricity transactions using the historical data and two auto-regressive models were considered. Simple linear regression and a complete model such as ARIMA. We compared these models to find which one best suits the type of data considering their strengths and weaknesses for this specific case. Finally, to complete the comprehensive solution, the results are presented to the final user. This solution is mainly aimed at professionals who carry out activities related to contracting and managing electricity supply in public institutions. This solution pretends to collaborate to reduce energy demand and therefore, consumption.
A conceptual framework for healthy eating behavior in Ecuadorian adolescents: a qualitative study
(2014) Ochoa Avilés, Angélica María
Objective: The objective of this study was to identify factors influencing eating behavior of Ecuadorian adolescents from the perspective of parents, school staff and adolescents - to develop a conceptual framework for adolescents’ eating behavior. Study design: Twenty focus groups (N = 144 participants) were conducted separately with adolescents aged 11–15 y (n(focus groups) = 12, N (participants) = 80), parents (n = 4, N = 32) and school staff (n = 4, N = 32) in rural and urban Ecuador. A semi-structured questioning route was developed based on the ‘Attitude, Social influences and Self-efficacy’ model and the socio-ecological model to assess the relevance of behavioral and environmental factors in low- and middle-income countries. Two researchers independently analyzed verbatim transcripts for emerging themes, using deductive thematic content analysis. Data were analyzed using NVivo 8. Results: All groups recognized the importance of eating healthily and key individual factors in Ecuadorian adolescents’ food choices were: financial autonomy, food safety perceptions, lack of self-control, habit strength, taste preferences and perceived peer norms. Environmental factors included the poor nutritional quality of food and its easy access at school. In their home and family environment, time and convenience completed the picture as barriers to eating healthily. Participants acknowledged the impact of the changing socio-cultural environment on adolescents’ eating patterns. Availability of healthy food at home and financial constraints differed between settings and socio-economic groups. Conclusion: Our findings endorse the importance of investigating behavioral and environmental factors that influence and mediate healthy dietary behavior prior to intervention development. Several culture-specific factors emerged that were incorporated into a conceptual framework for developing health promotion interventions in Ecuador.
A Cross-cultural exploration of problematic Internet use, pathological personality traits, defense mechanisms, coping strategies, and self-esteem in 14 countries
(2022) Malik, Sadia; Kalaitzaki, Argyroula; Spritzer, Daniel Tornaim; Hauck, Simone; Gnisci, Augusto; Sergi, Ida; Vally, Zahir; Tudorel, Otilia; Vintila, Mona; Ramos Diaz, Jano; Sahlan, Reza Nahid; López Calle, Claudio Hernán; Zambrano, Danilo; Ardila, Ruben; Salas, Gonzalo; Cikrikci, Ozkan; Mannikko, Niko; Laconi, Stéphanie
Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to compare the estimates of Problematic Internet Use (PIU) from 14 countries around the world, considering gender. The second objective was to explore the relationships between PIU and personality-related variables (pathological personality traits, defense mechanisms, coping strategies, and self-esteem). Materials and methods: Our total sample consisted of 7726 participants (30.8% male, n = 2378), aged between 18 and 86 years old (M = 25.55; SD = 9.8). Recruited online, they completed several scales about their Internet use, defense mechanisms and coping strategies, self-esteem, and pathological personality traits. Results: The PIU accounted for between 20.5% and 75% of participants using the PIUQ-9, while “self-perception” of PIU with a single item revealed estimates from 2% to 60.1%, with gender differences. Systematically, PIU significantly correlated with two variables: borderline personality traits (from .09 at P < .05 to .42 at P < .01) and immature defense mechanisms (from .13 to .42 at P < .01). Dependent, avoidant, narcissistic, histrionic, and antisocial personality traits were positive predictors of PIU and self-esteem, paranoid and schizoid personalities were negative predictors. Conclusions: This research highlights the many cross-cultural differences. Its design also allows for a better understanding of gender differences.
A cross-sectional study of obesity effects on the metabolomic profile of a leptin-resistant swine model
(2020) Sanz Fernández, María Victoria; Torres Rovira, Laura; Pesántez Pacheco, José Luis; Garcia Contreras, Consolacion; Astiz, Susana; Gonzalez Bulnes, Antonio
Identifying metabolite signatures associated with obesity and related diseases might represent a valuable preventive and therapeutic tool to predict subjects at risk, establish an accurate prognosis, and monitor treatment success. The current cross-sectional study is aimed to evaluate the metabolite profile of diet-induced obesity in a porcine model of leptin resistance. Six Iberian female pigs prone to develop obesity (OB) were ad libitum fed a fat-enriched diet (HFD) for 82 days. Five lean Iberian sows (CON) in a maintenance diet served as controls. At the end of the dietary treatments, all animals were sacrificed, and plasma, liver, and muscle samples were immediately collected for nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. In plasma, signals corresponding to betaine, glycerophosphocholine/phosphocholine, glycine, and glutamate were decreased; and the valine signal was increased in OB sows compared to controls. Similarly, the betaine signal was decreased in the liver. No differences were detected in muscle. The observed metabolite changes suggest alterations in branched chain amino-acid metabolism and the methionine-homocysteine cycle, which have been previously associated with obesity-related diseases and type 2 diabetes in human observational studies. The current study supports the utilization of the leptin resistant Iberian pig for further interventional research in the field.
A cross-sectional study on attitudes toward gender equality, sexual behavior, positive sexual experiences, and communication about sex among sexually active and non-sexually active adolescents in Bolivia and Ecuador
(2014) De Meyer, Sara; Jaruseviciene, Lina; Zaborskis, Apolinaras; Decat, Peter; Vega Crespo, Bernardo José; Pozo Córdova, Kathya; Temmerman, Marleen; Degomme, Olivier; Michielsen, Kristien
Background: It is widely agreed upon that gender is a key aspect of sexuality however, questions remain on how gender exactly influences adolescents’ sexual health. Objective: The aim of this research was to study correlations between gender equality attitudes and sexual behavior, sexual experiences and communication about sex among sexually active and non-sexually active adolescents in 2 Latin American countries. Design: In 2011, a cross-sectional study was carried out among 5,913 adolescents aged 14 18 in 20 secondary schools in Cochabamba (Bolivia) and 6 secondary schools in Cuenca (Ecuador). Models were built using logistic regressions to assess the predictive value of attitudes toward gender equality on adolescents’ sexual behavior, on experiences and on communication. Results: The analysis shows that sexually active adolescents who consider gender equality as important report higher current use of contraceptives within the couple. They are more likely to describe their last sexual intercourse as a positive experience and consider it easier to talk with their partner about sexuality than sexually experienced adolescents who are less positively inclined toward gender equality. These correlations remained consistent whether the respondent was a boy or a girl. Non-sexually active adolescents, who consider gender equality to be important, are more likely to think that sexual intercourse is a positive experience. They consider it less necessary to have sexual intercourse to maintain a relationship and find it easier to communicate with their girlfriend or boyfriend than sexually non-active adolescents who consider gender equality to be less important. Comparable results were found for boys and girls. Conclusions: Our results suggest that gender equality attitudes have a positive impact on adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and wellbeing. Further research is necessary to better understand the relationship between gender attitudes and specific SRH outcomes such as unwanted teenage pregnancies and sexual pleasure among adolescents worldwide.
A data-driven forecasting strategy to predict continuous hourly energy demand in smart buildings
(2021) Duque Perez, Oscar
Smart buildings seek to have a balance between energy consumption and occupant com-fort. To make this possible, smart buildings need to be able to foresee sudden changes in the build-ing’s energy consumption. With the help of forecasting models, building energy management sys-tems, which are a fundamental part of smart buildings, know when sudden changes in the energy consumption pattern could occur. Currently, different forecasting methods use models that allow building energy management systems to forecast energy consumption. Due to this, it is increasingly necessary to have appropriate forecasting models to be able to maintain a balance between energy consumption and occupant comfort. The objective of this paper is to present an energy consumption forecasting strategy that allows hourly day-ahead predictions. The presented forecasting strategy is tested using real data from two buildings located in Valladolid, Spain. Different machine learning and deep learning models were used to analyze which could perform better with the proposed strategy. After establishing the performance of the models, a model was assembled using the mean of the prediction values of the top five models to obtain a model with better performance. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland
A design for a secure malware laboratory
(Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020, 2020) Riofrio Machado, Xavier Fernando; Salinas Herrera, Kleber Fernando; Galindo, David
Malicious software teaching is based on theory, consequently, students do not experiment with real practice. Therefore, when they confront a rising incidence in the real world, the response is not usually at the adequate time neither valuable enough. A practical focus will provide a different understanding of the problem due to the fact that the student will be able to recognise suspicious behaviour. This paper proposes the design of an entire platform that experiments with topics related to malware in a controlled and safe environment. The strategy presented is a virtual machine that integrates tools including Metasploit Framework, vulnerable systems, and software scanners. Besides, a web tutorial is available for user orientation; it incorporates additional exclusive components for Metasploit and a tutorial to develop them.
A diffusive propagation model for molecular communications: analysis and implementation in NS-3
(Springer, Cham, 2021) Calderón Calderón, José Paúl; Zúñiga Gómez, Eddy Andrés; Tello Oquendo, Luis Patricio; Astudillo Salinas, Darwin Fabián; Tello Oquendo, Luis Patricio
In this research, the analysis and implementation of a diffusive propagation model for molecular communications are performed in NS-3. The work is based on the IEEE 1906.1-2015 standard recommendation, which seeks to create a reference framework for molecular communications. The standard provides a simulation module in NS-3, which contains only the components of the general structure of molecular communication and their interaction between them. The components mentioned are Message Carrier, Motion, Field, Perturbation, and Specificity. The transmitter uses CSK modulation. In the medium, Brownian motion (BM) with and without drift is used for the motion of the molecules, and intersymbol interference is considered. In the receiver, amplitude detection is used. The whole process is applied in four scenarios: Free BM, BM with drift, free BM bounded by the medium, and BM with drift bounded by the medium are considered. As a result, the pulse train of the mean concentration of molecules as a function of time at the receiver is obtained. In addition, the obtained results are compared with an investigation performed in N3Sim to validate the results. Finally, it is validated that the mean concentration at the receiver using the diffusive propagation model implemented complies with the mathematical model established by Fick’s second law.
a discretized approach to air pollution monitoring using uav-based sensing
(2018) Alvear Alvear, Oscar Patricio
Recently, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have become a cheap alternative to sense pollution values in a certain area due to their flexibility and ability to carry small sensing units. In a previous work, we proposed a solution, called Pollution-driven UAV Control (PdUC), to allow UAVs to autonomously trace pollutant sources, and monitor air quality in the surrounding area. However, despite operational, we found that the proposed solution consumed excessive time, especially when considering the battery lifetime of current multi-rotor UAVs. In this paper, we have improved our previously proposed solution by adopting a space discretization technique. Discretization is one of the most efficient mathematical approaches to optimize a system by transforming a continuous domain into its discrete counterpart. The improvement proposed in this paper, called PdUC-Discretized (PdUC-D), consists of an optimization whereby UAVs only move between the central tile positions of a discretized space, avoiding monitoring locations separated by small distances, and whose actual differences in terms of air quality are barely noticeable. We also analyze the impact of varying the tile size on the overall process, showing that smaller tile sizes offer high accuracy at the cost of an increased flight time. Taking into account the obtained results, we consider that a tile size of 100 Ã— 100 meters offers an adequate trade-off between flight time and monitoring accuracy. Experimental results show that PdUC-D drastically reduces the convergence time compared to the original PdUC proposal without loss of accuracy, and it also increases the performance gap with standard mobility patterns such as Spiral and Billiard. Â© 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

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