Investigación

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12th IFDC 2017 special issue – seasonal variations in nutrient composition of plant-based foods produced at the southern highlands of Ecuador
(2019) Ortiz Ulloa, Silvia Johana; Astudillo Rubio, Gabriela Cristina; Castro Arteaga, Evelyn Michelle; Castro Nube, Cecilia; Astudillo Astudillo, Sonia Cecilia; Donoso Moscoso, Silvana Patricia
Changes in environmental conditions may influence the biosynthesis of several food nutrients. This study aimed to compare macronutrient and mineral composition over several seasons in 25 fresh plant-based foods that are highly consumed and locally produced in the southern Ecuadorian highlands. Samples were collected during the rainy season (October 2015–March 2016) and dry season (April–September 2016) from main local markets and supermarkets. Analyses of composite samples were carried out in triplicate following AOAC methods, determining moisture by desiccation, ash by calcination, total fat by Weibull, total nitrogen by Kjeldahl, total carbohydrates by difference, phosphorus by colorimetry, and minerals (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Se, Cu and Zn) by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Overall, during the rainy season, significantly higher moisture content was observed (86.7 ± 9.0% vs. 85.9 ± 8.9%, p < 0.001), whereas fat (0.21 ± 0.21% vs. 0.31 ± 0.24%, p = 0.001), Fe (0.79±1.31 vs. 0.61 ± 0.98 mg/100 g, p < 0.001), Ca (50.4±68.0 vs. 23.0 ± 37.3 mg/100 g, p < 0.001), Mg (18.0 ± 11.4 vs. 15.2 ± 10.8 mg/100 g, p < 0.001) and Zn (0.35±0.69 vs. 0.2 ± 0.16 mg/100 g, p = 0.026 were significantly lower. This study demonstrates the influence of the season in the composition of vegetables cultivated in Ecuador. This factor, along with other sources of variability, should be defined, so as to be included in the quality assessments of representative food composition data. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
13 herramientas para el análisis y diseño participativo de espacios públicos
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022) Carrión Astudillo, Joseline Gabriela; Orellana Vintimilla, Daniel Augusto; Acurio Vintimilla, Maria Emilia; Méndez Abad, Xavier Rene; Pozo Urquizo, Ricardo Alberto; Chunga De la torre, Felix Eduardo; Schoonjans, Yves
250-year records of mercury and trace element deposition in two lakes from Cajas National Park, SW Ecuadorian Andes
(2021) Schneider, Tobias; Musa Bandowe, Benjamin; Mestrot, Adrien; Mestrot, Adrien; Hampel, Henrietta; Mosquera, Pablo; Frankl, Lea; Wienhues, Giulia; Vogel, Hendrik; Tylmann, Wojciech; Grosjean, Martin
Historical records of trace elements in lake sediments provide source-to-sink information about potentially toxic pollutants across space and time. We investigated two lakes located at different elevations in the Ecuadorian Andes to understand how trace element fluxes are related to (i) geology, (ii) erosion in the watersheds, and (iii) local point sources and atmospheric loads. In remote Lake Fondococha (4150 m a.s.l.), total Hg fluxes stay constant between ca. 1760 and 1950 and show an approximately 4.4-fold increase between pre-1950 and post-1950 values. The post-1950 increase in fluxes of other trace elements (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) is lower (2.1–3.0-fold) than for Hg. Mostly lithogenic sources and enhanced soil erosion contribute to their post-1950 increase (lithogenic contribution: > 85%, Hg: ~ 58%). Average post-1950 Hg fluxes are approximately 4.3 times higher in peri-urban Lake Llaviucu (3150 m a.s.l.) than in the remote Lake Fondococha. Post-1950 fluxes of the other trace elements showed larger differences between Lakes Fondococha and Llaviucu (5.2 < 25–29.5-fold increase; Ni < Pb–Cd). The comparison of the post-1950 average trace element fluxes that are derived from point and airborne sources revealed 5–687 (Hg–Pb) times higher values in Lake Llaviucu than in Lake Fondococha suggesting that Lake Llaviucu’s proximity to the city of Cuenca strongly influences its deposition record (industrial emissions, traffic, caged fishery). Both lakes responded with temporary drops in trace element accumulations to park regulations in the 1970s and 1990s, but show again increasing trends in recent times, most likely caused by increase in vehicular traffic and openings of copper and gold mines around Cajas National Park.
3(4) data models and their opportunity for relevant heritage analyses under a preventive conservation approach
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2012) Heras Barros, Veronica Cristina; De Cubber, Ine; Van Balen, Koen; Anja Wijffels, Louisa María; Steenberghen, Therese; Van Orshoven, José
Preservation of cultural heritage is progressively linked to regular maintenance and a continuous monitoring; both activities will define what is known as preventive conservation. This paper discusses the design of a conceptual model for a heritage monitoring system as a support to preventive conservation practices in World Heritage Properties. With respect to these properties the design of the proposed system starts by the choice of a data model, which is determined by different requirements. In heritage conservation, these requests are based on the values and attributes of analyzed elements. They will allow to the system the act of measuring change in the state, number or values presence. Within this framework, a conceptual model is proposed, showing how values and characteristics of heritage elements can be translated into data requirements, how these data requirements define a data model, how this data model determines the database to finally established , how the database determines the best choice for a Geographic Information System (GIS). The paper was illustrated for building blocks in Cuenca and it gives an insight into requirements and potentials of a heritage monitoring system able to combine complex information in spatial reference system valuable to public administration (site managers) for more informed decision making and management strategies. For Cuenca and other world heritage sites, the link made between technology (databases + GIS) and heritage requirements has the objective to overcome the existing gaps and to promote a more nimble heritage management.
A 150-year record of polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) deposition from high Andean Cajas National Park, southern Ecuador
(2018) Musa Bandowe, Benjamin; Frankl, Lea; Grosjean, Martin; Tylmann, Wojciech; Mosquera, Pablo; Hampel, Henrietta; Schneider, Tobias
The temporal profiles of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in lake sediments reflect past changes in emissions, transport and deposition of these pollutants and, thus, record natural and anthropogenic processes. We document fluxes of PACs [(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) and azaarenes (AZAs)] deposited in two tropical high-altitude lakes in the CajasNational Park (Ecuadorian Andes, 2°50′S, 79°10′ W). In remote and high elevation Laguna Fondococha (4130 m a.s.l.), the temporal fluxes of OPAHs and AZAs were similar to those of PAHs suggesting similar sources. A significant increase of PAC deposition after the 1950s reflects Ecuador's economic development. PAH fluxes were relatively low (Σ27PAHs (without retene and perylene): 0.86–11.21 ng cm−2 yr−1) with a composition pattern typical for long-range atmospheric transport (high 9-fluorenone/fluorene ratios) and biomass burning (30% lowmolecularweight PAHs). PAHs diagnostic of high temperature combustion (industry, traffic) make up 20–25% of total PAHs. Perylene concentrations increase linearly with increasing sediment depth suggesting diagenetic in-situ production. At lower elevations (Laguna Llaviucu, 3140 m a.s.l.) and closer to urban areas, PAC fluxes in the past decades were 4–5 times higher than in the remote high-elevation lake. Laguna Llaviucu also showed higher concentrations of high molecular weight pyrogenic PAHs and a greater diversity of AZAs. Individual OPAHs and AZAs reflect mainly combustion activities. In Laguna Llaviucu, which is at a lower elevation (3140 m a.s.l.) and closer to the city, molecular ratios suggest short-range atmospheric transport and deposition of PACs.A very foggy climate (170 rainy days per year) with the precipitation maximum at 3500 m removes PACs very efficiently (by wet deposition) from the atmosphere at very short distances from emission sources. This partly explains why L. Llaviucu shows higher fluxes of PACs than the higher elevation L. Fondococha. This study presents the first historical record of organic pollutants from environmental archives in Ecuador.
A brief version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS): validity evidence in ecuadorian population
(2020) Reivan Ortiz, Geovanny Genaro; Ortiz Rodas, Patricia Elizabeth; Reivan Ortiz, Patricia Natali
Due to the scarcity of evaluation instruments on the construct of diﬃculties in emotional regulation in the Ecuadorian university context, the objective of the present study was to adapt linguistically and to study the psychometric properties of the Diﬃculty Scale in Emotional Regulation (DERS) in a sample of Ecuadorian university students. A non-probability sample of 1172 participants between 17 and 32 years of age (M = 21.99; DT = 2.49), which consisted of 58.6% women and 41.4% men, was used. The research was carried out in three stages. The first study evaluated the Ecuadorian linguistic adaptation of the scale. The second study referred to the factorization by main axes identifying five factors (Lack of emotional understanding; Limited access to regulation strategies; Diﬃculties in impulse control; Interferences in goal-directed behaviors; Lack of emotional clarity) theoretically interpretable, which explain 49.22% of the variance. The third study developed a confirmatory factor analysis that specified an acceptable fit of the model (GFI = .95; AGFI = .95; NFI = .94; RMR = .11). The reliability coeﬃcients are acceptable as .90 Cronbach’s alpha and .91 McDonald’s omega. In conclusion, it is mentioned that the Ecuadorian version of the DERS in a university sample exhibits good psychometric characteristics of internal structure and responses.
A case report: regarding transduodenal sphincteroplasty
(2021) Ordoñez Velecela, Maria Soledad; Arteaga Huiracocha, Jorge Alejandro; Himmler, Amber N; Reinoso, Jeovanni; Salamea Molina, Juan Carlos
Introduction: Stenosing papillitis is rare. It can be primary or secondary and occurs due to the presence of stones in the common bile duct. The initial treatment of choledocholithiasis is endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). However, when ERCP is unsuccessful, the transduodenal sphincteroplasty is an alternative strategy that obtains satisfactory results in select patients. Case description: A 27-year-old female patient presents right-upper quadrant pain associated with scleral icterus. She had choledocholithiasis and cholestasis. The ERCP performed was failed, so an open cholecystectomy with common bile duct exploration was undertaken. As the ampulla could not be cannulated, a “T” tube was placed. On a postoperative day 15, a cholangiography was performed without evidence of contrast passage into the duodenum. A re-exploration of the bile duct was undertaken 30 days after and a papillary exploration through a transduodenal approach was performed. A new cholangiography was done on postoperative day 9, at which point adequate passage of contrast into the duodenum was appreciated. Conclusion: Transduodenal sphincteroplasty is a procedure rarely performed in the era of endoscopy. Nonetheless, when these cases do come up, knowing the appropriate surgical technique is crucial to obtain satisfactory results for the patient.
A case study of learning strategies of older adults attending an english course
(2018) Fárez Plasencia, María Isabel; Quinde Lituma, Maria Elena; Mora Reino, Juan Fernando; Quito Gutiérrez, Isabel Rosalva; Macias León, Louis Eduardo
This study explores the most frequently used learning strategies of a group of older adults in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador, attending an English course. Sixty-six participants (with an average age of 71.05) responded to the 50-item questionnaire on learning strategies of Oxford (1990). Statistical analyses and an analysis of correlation between sociodemographic variables were conducted to determine the prevailing learning styles of the intervention group and its relationship with the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants. The results indicate that older adults use all the strategies categorized by Oxford, predominantly the metacognitive ones, meaning that they mainly reflect, plan, monitor, and evaluate their own learning process. In addition, the results reveal the positive correlation of the variables age, level of English, and level of education and occupation before retirement. The three last-mentioned were found to be determinant in the preferences of the participants.
A case study of learning styles of older adults attending an English course
(2017) Mora Reino, Juan Fernando
The education of older adults is of special interest to instructors and researchers involved in lifelong education. There is not an overabundance of research in the area of the learning styles of this age group, and the exploration of it might produce significant insights about materials and methodologies that may meet their learning needs successfully. This study analyses the learning styles preferred by a group of older adults in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador. Sixty-six participants (with an average age of 71.05) taking English as a foreign language course responded to the 44-item questionnaire on learning styles by Felder & Soloman (1997). The information of the respondents using statistical and correlation analyses permitted to define the prevailing learning styles and its relation with the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants. The results indicate that older adults express preference for the sensing, active, visual, and sequential styles, being people who tend to work better with facts rather than theories. They also like teamwork, prefer images to sounds, and are methodical in their learning process. In addition, the results reveal the positive correlation of the variables age, level of English, and level of education and occupation before retirement. The two last-mentioned were found to be determinant in the preferences of the participants
A causal flow approach for the evaluation of global climate models
(2020) Vázquez Patiño, Angel Oswaldo; Campozano Parra, Lenin Vladimir; Mendoza Sigüenza, Daniel Emilio; Samaniego Alvarado, Esteban Patricio
© 2020 Royal Meteorological Society Global climate models (GCMs) are generally used to forecast weather, understand the present climate, and project climate change. Their reliability usually rests on their capability to represent climatic processes, and most evaluations directly measure the spatiotemporal agreement of scalar climate variables. However, climate naturally involves complex interactions that are hard to infer and, therefore, difficult to evaluate. Climate networks (CNs) have been used to infer flows of mass and energy in the complex climate system. Here, an Evaluation of Models by Causal Flows (EMCaF) is proposed. EMCaF focuses on the assessment of properties about mass and energy flows in the CNs derived from GCMs. First, causal CNs are inferred from GCMs, and then the capabilities to reproduce characteristic transfer flows are assessed with reference models. A more in-depth feature is the possibility to assess how climate change disturbs CNs properties. In addition to the quantitative difference between modelled and observed values taken into account in standard evaluations, the EMCaF approach aims to assess the weaknesses and strengths of GCMs to represent climate mechanisms and processes that couple different components of the climate system. The comparison of models through this approach allows having complimentary feedback on model evaluations to understand possible causes of errors and enable a judgement based on processes. The approach is illustrated by evaluating one GCM and subsequently assessing changes of its CNs under future climate projections. Results show that known climatic patterns are assimilated and that causal strength patterns are likely to agree with the wind magnitude as a transfer factor. Significative issues are then explored, showing the capabilities of the approach and allowing understand fundamental structures in transport flows, compare their properties, and assess changes in the future. Different alternatives and considerations in each step of the approach are discussed to expand its applicability.
A century of trends in adult human height
(2016-07-26) Donoso Moscoso, Silvana Patricia
Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5-22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3- 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8- 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
A closer look on spatiotemporal variations of dissolved oxygen in waste stabilization ponds using mixed models
(2018) Alvarado Martínez, Andrés Omar; Ho, Long
Dissolved oxygen is an essential controlling factor in the performance of facultative and maturation ponds since both take many advantages of algal photosynthetic oxygenation. The rate of this photosynthesis strongly depends on the time during the day and the location in a pond system, whose roles have been overlooked in previous guidelines of pond operation and maintenance (O&M). To elucidate these influences, a linear mixed effect model (LMM) was built on the data collected from three intensive sampling campaigns in a waste stabilization pond in Cuenca, Ecuador. Within two parallel lines of facultative and maturation ponds, nine locations were sampled at two depths in each pond. In general, the output of the mixed model indicated high spatial autocorrelations of data and wide spatiotemporal variations of the oxygen level among and within the ponds. Particularly …
A Comparative evaluation of preprocessing techniques for short texts in spanish
(Springer, 2020) Orellana Cordero, Marcos Patricio; Trujillo, Andrea; Cedillo Orellana, Irene Priscila
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is used to identify key information, generating predictive models, and explaining global events or trends. Also, NLP is supported during the process to create knowledge. Therefore, it is important to apply refinement techniques in major stages such as preprocessing, when data is frequently produced and processed with poor results. This document analyzes and measures the impact of combinations of preprocessing techniques and libraries for short texts that have been written in Spanish. These techniques were applied in tweets for analysis of sentiments considering evaluation parameters in its analysis, the processing time and characteristics of the techniques for each library. The performed experimentation provides readers insights for choosing the appropriate combination of techniques during preprocessing. The results show improvement of up to 5% to 9% in the performance of the classification.
A comparative study of black-box models for cement fineness prediction using SCADA measurements of a closed circuit grinding
(IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY, 2016-02-01) Minchala Ávila, Luis Ismael; Mata, J. P.; Sanchez, C.; Yungaicela, N. M.
This paper presents a comparative study of three different modeling techniques for predicting cement fineness using input-output SCADA measurements of the closed circuit grinding in a cement plant. The modeling approaches used are the following: statistical, artificial neural networks (ANN), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The data set for generating the predictive models are obtained from a database of the operation of the cement plant, UCEM-Guapan located in Azogues, Ecuador. Online validations of the proposed models allow the selection of the best approach and the most accurate models for cement fineness prediction, Blaine and percentage passing the sieve No. 325.
A comparative study of black-box models for cement quality prediction using input-output measurements of a closed circuit grinding
(INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC., 2016-04-18) Minchala Ávila, Luis Ismael; Sanchez, C; Yungaicela, M
This paper presents the methodology of design of three different modeling techniques for predicting cement quality using input-output measurements of the closed circuit grinding in a cement plant. The modeling approaches used are: statistical, artificial neural networks (ANN), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS). The data set for generating the predictive models are obtained from a database of the operation of the cement plant, UCEM-Guapan. An OPC (OLE for process control) network configuration in the SCADA system allows online validations of the proposed models in order to select the best approach for real-time prediction of cement quality.
A comparative study of water quality using two quality indices and a risk index in a drinking water distribution network
(2022) García Ávila, Fausto Fernando; Cadme Galabay, Manuel Remigio; Valdiviezo Gonzales, Lorgio; Gutierrez Ortega, Fausto Horacio; Flores del Pino, Lisveth Flores del Pino; Zhindón Arévalo, César
This study compares the Canadian Council Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) and the Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI) methodologies for determining the quality of water in the city of Azogues (Ecuador). Additionally, a drinking water quality risk index (IRCA) was determined to evaluate the degree of risk of disease occurrence related to water consumption. The data generated came from the analyses of twelve physicochemical parameters (pH, turbidity, colour, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, total hardness, alkalinity, nitrates, phosphates, sulfates, chlorides, residual chlorine) from 172 samples of water over six months. The calculated average value of CCME WQI (97.59 ± 1.08) indicates that 100% of the drinking system was of ‘excellent’ quality. The WAWQI average value was calculated to be 26.36 ± 1.13 indicating that 16.67% of the distribution system was of ‘excellent’ quality and 83.33% of the distribution water was of ‘good’ quality. The IRCA calculated in all the distribution zones is between 0 and 5% and therefore, the distributed water is considered suitable for human consumption and is rated at the no-risk level. Furthermore, WAWQI is influenced by parameters with low maximum allowed concentration (for example, turbidity value 1 NTU in the Ecuadorian standard was used instead of 5 NTU recommended by the WHO); conversely, CCME-WQI is influenced by parameters with a high maximum allowed concentration (no parameter exceeded the norm in this study). The IRCA is a support instrument to guarantee that the water supplied by the provider companies complies with the characteristics established for drinking water.
A Comparative Study on Time Series Prediction of Photovoltaic-Power Production Through Classic Statistical Techniques and Short-Term Memory Networks
(IEEE, 2023) Duran Nicholls, Juan Francisco; Minchala Ávila, Luis Ismael; Minchala Ávila, Luis Ismael
The inherent variability in the power production of renewable energy sources (RES) limits the effectiveness of energy management systems (EMS) since optimal dispatch on power networks highly depends on the accuracy of predictors associated with the energy output and load demand. Consequently, power prediction tools for variable time horizons allow for improving energy management decisions. In this context, this work presents a detailed methodology for the deployment of predictive models for the photovoltaic (PV) power output of a small solar farm. The prediction models process a PV power dataset's time series using statistical techniques and neural networks with long-short term memory (LSTM). Before the data fitting, we develop a data preprocessing system, which involves evaluating missing data in the time series and getting descriptive analysis of the data set to either complete portions or delete atypical data. The results strongly suggest that the LSTM network performs better than the statistical model in exchange for more considerable computation times for long-term predictions
A comparison of cephalometric measurements with conventional lateral cephalic 2D and reconstructed lateral cephalic of CBCT
(2022) Morocho Llivizaca, Karina Viviana; Bernal Pinos, Marco Vinicio; Bravo Calderón, Manuel Estuardo
Lateral cephalic radiography is mainly used to describe the morphology and growth of the craniofacial skeleton. It is considered a valuable diagnostic aid in orthodontics to plan treatment and evaluate the results. (1)(2) Cephalometric analyses requires identifying specific reference points and calculating various angular and linear dimensions. (3) Because cephalometry has been one of the most important diagnostic tools available to orthodontists for more than seven decades, different cephalometric norms have been published by leading physicians and researchers and it is used for: diagnosis, treatment progress, post-treatment evaluation, and research. (4) According to the orthodontic literature, other reconstructions such as lateral cephalic are known from more recent 3D cone beam computed tomography images. The attempt to develop 3D analysis and diagnosis is more interesting today. (4) (15) (23) Lateral cephalic radiographs are two-dimensional (2D) images that are used to represent three-dimensional (3D) structures. (5) Due to the different disadvantages of a 2D lateral cephalic X-ray: geometric distortion and the superposition of anatomical structures, 3D imaging has overcome the hurdle of 2D imaging by allowing orthodontists to visualize craniofacial structures without overlap or distortion.(6)(7)
A comparison of vehicle emissions control strategies for smart cities
(2023) Barbecho Bautista, Pablo Andrés
Many studies have shown that air quality in cities is affected due to emissions of carbon from vehicles. As a result, policymakers (e.g., municipalities) intensely search for new ways to reduce air pollution due to its relation to health diseases. With this concern, connected vehicle technologies can leverage alternative on-road emissions control policies. The present investigation studies the impact on air pollution by (i) updating vehicles’ routes to avoid pollution exposure (route choice policy), (ii) updating vehicles’ speed limits (speed control policy), and (iii) considering electric vehicles (EVs). Vehicles are informed in advance about route conditions (i.e., on-road emissions) using the vehicular network. We found that by updating vehicle routes, 7.43% less CO emissions are produced within the evaluated region. Also, we find no evidence of significant emissions reductions in the case of limiting vehicles’ speed. Lastly, with 30% of EV penetration, safe CO emissions levels are reached.
A compartmental model to describe hydraulics in a full-scale waste stabilization pond
(2012-02-01) Alvarado Martínez, Andrés Omar
The advancement of experimental and computational resources has facilitated the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models as a predictive tool for mixing behaviour in full-scale waste stabilization pond systems. However, in view of combining hydraulic behaviour with a biokinetic process model, the computational load is still too high for practical use. This contribution presents a method that uses a validated CFD model with tracer experiments as a platform for the development of a simpler compartmental model (CM) to describe the hydraulics in a full-scale maturation pond (7 ha) of a waste stabilization ponds complex in Cuenca (Ecuador). 3D CFD models were validated with experimental data from pulse tracer experiments, showing a sufficient agreement. Based on the CFD model results, a number of compartments were selected considering the turbulence characteristics of the flow, the residence time distribution (RTD) curves and the dominant velocity component at different pond locations. The arrangement of compartments based on the introduction of recirculation flow rate between adjacent compartments, which in turn is dependent on the turbulence diffusion coefficient, is illustrated. Simulated RTD's from a systemic tanks-in-series (TIS) model and the developed CM were compared. The TIS was unable to capture the measured RTD, whereas the CM predicted convincingly the peaks and lags of the tracer experiment using only a minimal fraction of the computational demand of the CFD model. Finally, a biokinetic model was coupled to both approaches demonstrating the impact an insufficient hydraulic model can have on the outcome of a modelling exercise. TIS and CM showed drastic differences in the output loads implying that the CM approach is to be used when modelling the biological performance of the full-scale system. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

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