Volumen 5 No. especial (2014) - IEE: Congreso de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica
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Item Análisis de eficiencia energética del alumbrado público en el sector El Girón en la ciudad de Quito(Universidad de Cuenca, 2014) Pozo G., José P.; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de CuencaLight pollution is all-sky brightness caused by diffuse scattering of artificial light. On the premise that all generations have the right to unaffected land and sky an analysis was performed of the energy efficiency of public light installations, involving the measurement in situ of lighting parameters and the determination of lighting levels, preparing tables between what is required and what was measured. The research was facilitated by the design software company Ulysse v2.3 Schréder, and the data provided by the Empresa Eléctrica Quito. The study revealed the existence of energy "waste" values, being the result of 22% unutilized energy, resulting in economic and environmental costs. The latter was assessed as the equivalent to spilled oil, as to obtain a measure equivalent to the quantity of emitted greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This analysis took into consideration the demographic conditions in the sector, urban factors and possible effects on flora, fauna and humans.Item Diseño de un cargador de baterías en aplicaciones de energía solar(Universidad de Cuenca, 2014) Gallardo A., Rafael; Placencia L., Sebastián; González M., Luis G.; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca; DIUCThis article addresses the design of a battery charger for off-grid applications powered by photovoltaic solar energy, using a DC-DC buck converter and solar panels with nominal power of 100W. In the control system a perturb and observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking algorithm is applied aiming of operating at the optimum point, using a PWM modulator which controls the output current of the solar panel. The passive elements of the converter are calculated to operate in a continuous conduction mode. The control system uses a dsPIC30F4011, and its performance experimentally verified.Item Diseño de un convertidor elevador, para aplicaciones de energías renovables en instalaciones aisladas(Universidad de Cuenca, 2014) Abril V., Carlos S.; Arias R., Raúl E.; Guerrero C., Layla M.; González M., Luis G.; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de CuencaThis article presents the design of a converter DC-DC booster as part of a solar energy system. It employs a cascading scheme consisting of two stages, each with a nominal power of 100W and a 100kHz switching frequency. The passive elements of the converter are calculated to operate in the mode of continuous driving. The converter is designed to support an input voltage of 24V and provide an output voltage of 200V. For this purpose, a PI control is used, which is applied by means of PWM to the second stage of the converter while maintaining constant voltage output of the first stage. The PI control is digitized using the transformation of Tustin, implemented in a dsPIC33FJ12G201.Item Diseño de un inversor monofásico con topología H5(Universidad de Cuenca, 2014) Toledo O., Diego A.; Jaramillo V., Juan C.; Santillan S., Franklin G.; González M., Luis G.; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca; DIUCThis paper analyses the design of a DC/AC low power converter for the use of electrical energy from renewable sources. The converter uses a single phase inverter with H5 topology, coupled to a LC filter to reduce harmonic distortion. The system is designed to handle up to 100W and the inverter uses a unipolar Pulse-width modulation (PWM), experimentally tested using an open-loop with dsPIC30F4011 microcontroller.Item Las energías renovables: La paradoja de la impopularidad de las tecnologías sustentables(Universidad de Cuenca, 2014) Balderrama, Rafael; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca; DIUCThis article deals from a Latin American perspective with the existing contrast between the popularity of discursive practices on renewables and the unpopularity of these technologies. The article focuses in particular on the sociopolitical and institutional aspects of this paradox. The paper first contends the glamorous rhetoric on mandatory changes in the energy matrix, depicting the status of energy as a commodity, considering the social impacts and the structure of risks, costs, and benefits involved in the large-scale development of renewables. The author argues that the evaluation of such impacts and risks requires a long-term analysis taking into consideration future trends, the possibility of the foreseeable redesign of urban spaces, and sociopolitical constraints. The second portion of the article elaborates a couple of examples that illustrate how the popularity of conventional energy undermines the development of renewables. The manuscript concludes that the long-term challenge is the strengthening of the development of technoscientific capabilities that ensure a smooth transition to a new and more sustainable energy matrix.Item Estación meteorológica autónoma con transmisión de datos inalámbrica en 5GHz 2x2 MIMO(Universidad de Cuenca, 2014) Bosquez, Carlos A.; Lascano, Xavier A.; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca; DIUCThe article presents the compilation of ocean-atmospheric data in order to increase hit rates in weather forecasting. The project consists in the design of a self-sustaining prototype, able to acquire meteorological data using temperature and humidity sensors coupled to a data acquisition system, that transmit measurements to a PC by means of a microcontroller system and wireless communication system based on MIMO. For the real-time monitoring and managing graphical programming software is used. In addition to the existing systems, the self-sustaining prototype provides contingency plans to prevent possible damage to material property, will benefit the institutions in charge of monitoring meteorological variables, helps the prevention of calamities.Item Estimación de la tasa de retorno energético: Análisis comparativo de las metodologías disponibles en la actualidad(Universidad de Cuenca, 2014) Camargo, Federico G.; Schweickardt, Gustavo A.; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca; DIUCThis work presents a conceptual and preliminary analysis of the concepts and criteria for estimating the Energy Return on Investment (EROI). The manuscript discusses the issues and considerations for a standardized methodology that allows comparisons and decision-making, aiming at minimizing the environmental impact. Methods in monetary studies were discussed, such as the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) method. For the analysis the modeling platform Dynamical Systems Analysis (DS) was applied using the VENSIM® software. A mathematical approach was made, defining the state and auxiliary variables and the adjustment parameters of the problem. Criteria were defined to assess the medium and long term sustainability of the energy system, with the objective to incorporate insights into relevant areas of discussion and education, enhancing the dissemination and review of findings.Item Evolución histórica de los circuitos electrónicos de inducción magnética(Universidad de Cuenca, 2014) Guamán, Jesús; Guevara, David; Ríos, Alberto; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca; DIUCThe electronic devices used in heating systems thanks to the development of power electronics rapidly evolved to magnetic induction. Currently, Ecuador’s government is firmly committed to transform the country’s energy model. This will involve replacement of the classic gas-based heating systems for hot water by magnetic induction devices. The article presents a comparative study of different topologies of electronic circuits used in the induction heating process in the last 20 years. The evolution of electronic circuit’s magnetic induction is due to the technological breakthrough of soft switching devices. The existing topologies and their application in commercial electronic circuits demonstrate the growing interest in magnetic induction systems and the search for continuous improvement and increase in energy efficiency. The paper provides a detailed description of the different topologies used in the induction heating industry, and provides a comparison of the resonance frequencies, the powers of labor and the most relevant designs and dimensioning of electronic circuits for magnetic induction heating. The study pretends to serve as a theoretical basis for the selection and design of prototype domestic water heating systems by electromagnetic induction for domestic use.Item Implementación de la metaheurística FEPSO GIST mediante procesamiento paralelo: Aplicación al problema de balance de fases en sistemas de distribución en baja tensión(Universidad de Cuenca, 2014) Schweickardt, Gustavo; Casanova, Carlos; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca; DIUCThis paper describes the design and implementation of the FEPSO GIST (Fuzzy Particle Swarm Optimization with Global-Individual Star Topology) Metaheuristic, under a paradigm of parallel computing platform using the MPI (Message Passing Interface). The model is applied to the solution of Multiobjective Unbalanced Load Problem in Low Voltage Electric Distribution Systems (ULP LV EDS). First, the ULP LV EDS is presented, which has no solution by classical optimization methods. Then, the framework over the heuristics methods has a wide range of application and the parallel computation is the main approach to accelerate the results of algorithms that require a more powerful computing process respect of sequential paradigm, is described. Finally, the FEPSO GIST Metaheuristic design, in this framework, is presented, and its implementation MIP is applied on a real ULP LV EDS.Item Implementación y analisis de rendimiento de un control industrial de nivel para tanques con fluidos, basado en lógica difusa(Universidad de Cuenca, 2014) Ampuño, Gary; Agila, Wilton E.; Cevallos, Holger; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de CuencaA fuzzy logic algorithm was developed using sets for multiple inputs and outputs to have a control system that provides an improved performance in the control of the rotational speed and opening of a pump and a modulating valve compared to the current control systems of pumps, which are based on conventional PID control algorithms. In the proposed approach, a fuzzy algorithm was developed, it is a control system that is able to provide a rejection response to disturbances and a satisfactory quote when the monitoring approaches the reference functioning. The drawbacks in fuzzy logic algorithms, together with its tuning strategy in different operating points, can be solved by applying fuzzy controllers, which use sets and rules based on the experience gained from an operating plant. An analysis of both control systems, the PID and fuzzy algorithm, was carried out. Also the adjustment mechanisms of both control systems were tested and mutually compared. To this end not only simulation results of the plant, but also actual data were collected. The research yielded a fuzzy controller offering a more effective strategy to control the plant, avoiding abrupt peaks and actions in the operation, which most probably shall enhance the lifetime of the plant components.Item Quadcopter stabilization by using PID controllers(Universidad de Cuenca, 2014) Romero, Luis E.; Pozo, David F.; Rosales, Jorge A.; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca; DIUCThis work presents the stabilization of a quadcopter by using PID controllers to regulate its four basic movements: roll, pitch, yaw angles, and altitude. The stabilization of the system is made from a simplified model which makes easier the implementation of controllers on a SISO system, showing effectiveness within a range of ±10° for a roll and pitch angles and a full range on yaw angle and altitude. The PID controller module is designed to be used with commercial quadcopters and it has been implemented using inertial and ultrasonic sensors. Furthermore, the system also features a wireless interface to observe the aircraft performance during the flight.Item Sensing TVWS with open source technology in Ecuador(Universidad de Cuenca, 2014) Matamoros Vargas, José; Corral de Witt, Danilo; León Vásquez, Rubén; Pietrosemoli, Ermanno; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de CuencaThe identification of TVWS is fundamental to raise awareness about the existence of spectrum that is currently underutilized and that could be used to alleviate the current spectrum crunch. Recent standards that employ Cognitive Radio such as WRAN or White-Fi can then be employed for the exploitation of these frequencies. The traditional tools used to detect TVWS are expensive and difficult to master. The utilization of open hardware, software and an energy based detection method that helps detect these TVWS is developed and presented to assess the radio electric spectrum in the UHF band from 500 MHz to 686 MHz in the Pichincha province of Ecuador, South America.Item Sistema de identificación para filtros activos de potencia(Universidad de Cuenca, 2014) Peña, Felipe; Viola, Julio; Restrepo, José; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca; DIUCThe paper presents an identification system applied to active power filters, using multilevel converters. The identification system was implemented by simulation, utilizing the least squares method. The identification algorithm allowed deriving the coefficients of the model of the interface circuit between the network and the converter, and to present it in a differences equation. The identified model will be used to design different types of digital controllers to be implemented in converters; its purpose is to reduce the total harmonic distortion of the network and the power factor correction. This work includes a comparative analysis of the identification of the active filter with nonlinear load and the LCL filter, represented as a linear model.Item “Soft Robotic”: Una nueva generación de robots(Universidad de Cuenca, 2014) Medina H., José; Vélez N., Paulina; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca; DIUCThe necessity to create robots that can interact in an easy and effective way with the real world brings an increasing interest to use new materials and unconventional morphologies of robotics. This paper serves as an introduction to the soft robotics field, as a safe, efficient and robust alternative to interact in a dynamic and unstructured environment. In addition, it raises the challenges of this paradigm shift from different points of view.Item Viabilidad económica del control de la iluminación fotovoltaica en autopistas del Ecuador(Universidad de Cuenca, 2014) Vargas, Carlos; Guevara, David; Ríos, Alberto; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de CuencaA most critical problem of highways is the high energy consumption associated with the lighting systems. The development of innovative control systems and the integration of renewable power generation systems in lighting systems allow for significant energy savings in highways. The Government of Ecuador has launched an ambitious project to build new highways throughout the country. The practical implementation of intelligent control lighting photovoltaic systems involves considerable energy savings and use of renewable and inexhaustible resource in the future highway network of Ecuador. In this paper, the features of so-called intelligent highways and innovative techniques for the control of lighting systems are described. Also, an introductory assessment of the potential impact on reducing the power consumption is presented.