Ingeniería Ambiental-Pregrado

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Caracterización de residuos sólidos no peligrosos de generadores especiales en la ciudad de Cuenca
(2014) Torres Maza, Jonathan Orlando; Quito Matute, Luis Fernando; Barragán Landy, Milton Francisco
The outdated data about nonhazardous solid waste in Special Generators of Cuenca has driven the Municipal Public Waste Company to carry out a physical study. This is with the support of the Environmental Engineering Faculty at Universidad de Cuenca. The objective is to obtain updated technical information of specific weight, composition and mechanisms of waste disposal. In this study is necessary know the nature of Special Generators according to its economic activity. National Classification of economic activities CIIU revision 4.0 by the INEC was used to get it. To update the specific weight, three daily samples were taken during three non-consecutive days: Monday, Wednesday and Friday or Tuesday; Thursday and Saturday in each place of study. The samples were placed in containers of 55 gallons and then its weight and volume were obtained. Samples of solid residues were obtained from the most representatives organizations according to the economic activity and with a manual classification until get a percent of each component. The results help to propose mechanisms of deviations, and be implement in the organizations to promote the reuse and recycling of potential recyclable materials and thus reduce the total amount of solid waste.
Gestión integral de residuos en etapas de preinstalación, instalación, funcionamiento y retiro de los sistemas fotovoltaicos de la segunda etapa del proyecto Yantsa ii Etsari en la Empresa Eléctica Regional Centro Sur C. A.
(2014) Urdiales Flores, Diego Hernán; Peñafiel Tenorio, María Eulalia
The change of matrix energy in Ecuador and the worldwide energy crisisand technological advances, are the reasons for the use of renewable energy in the country, and in this case photovoltaic. Furthermore, the absence of electric service in communities geographically difficult to receive the service by conventional electric networks, this has made the government in yearsimplement rural electrification with photovoltaic systems. In Chapter I, photovoltaic solar energy is investigated, emphasizing mainly the impacts generated by the implementation of this type of power, also the legal framework for this activity. In Chapter II, the activities performed and necessary inputs that are used to provide electric service to the communities involved in the project described. In Chapter III, the social and environmental components involved in rural electrification of this project are described. Surveys analyzedsocio - environmental strengths and weaknesses in respect to solid waste management.A total of 2060 these surveys were conducted at 65 beneficiaries. In Chapter IV, the positive and negative environmental impacts in the photovoltaic project are determined. Regional impacts are categorized using Leopold Matrix. In Chapter V, includes the programs of the Environmental Management Plan, which have measures to prevent and mitigate environmental impacts. In Chapter VI, the management of solid waste from generation to disposal is described.
Estudio del proceso de depuración de aguas residuales industriales provenientes de empresas mineras
(2014) Pesántez Vallejo, Juan Patricio; Peña González, Silvia Alexandra
This thesis has been performed in order to study a system to reduce wastewater pollutants from the processes of cyanidation in mining companies, which would provide insight knowledge of the possibilities of the use of this type of effluent treatment. For this purpose of this study, a water sample from wastewater disposal of a mining company was drawn into a pilot plant, which was built for the study. The process was implemented through a system of natural wetlands of horizontal subsurface flow, batch, sort through ThypaLatifolia, in which the sampling was performed at beginning and at the end in order to analyze the percentage reduction in metals and other pollutants parameters in these waters. Through the development of the study, the objectives to show the reduction of the pollutants was achieved which was shown in the reduction factors of the different parameters studied including: 18.81% dissolved solids, 62.48% suspended solids, 32.89% total solids, 29.17% cyanide, 37.47% sulfur, 32.79% copper and 11.17% arsenic. Moreover, it was also analyze the neutralizing capacity, achieving a reduction of pH to very near 7 units values system in all the cases
Diagnóstico de la gestión y tratamiento de los residuos de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos en el cantón Cuenca: caso de estudio
(2015) Gómez Gallegos, Gabriel Alberto; Quindi Pomavilla, María Toa; Peñafiel Tenorio, María Eulalia
The increase and technological development of the electric and electronic equipment like computers, cellphones, printers, brings problems of wastes that result from the equipment due to these equipment has hazardous substances that are potentially toxics (mercury, chromium ) and also valuable materials like gold and copper. The level of increase of these wastes is growing. Ecuador, especially Cuenca is not the exception to this problem, so, an analysis of management and treatment of the wastes in the city is very important. For this study was necessary a deep evaluating about this problem in the country, especially an analysis about treatment of these wastes. The propose of this study was investigate and analyze the management and treatment of electric and electronic waste (e-waste) in Cuenca and do environmental impact assessment that produce a cellphone in your life cycle like case study. The e-waste Country Assessment methodology and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) were used for do this thesis.
Reutilización de polímetros como alternativa socio ambiental y económica en la elaboración de eco bloques
(2015) Orellana Ríos, Nataly Jacqueline; Serrano López, María Angela; Delgado Noboa, Jorge Washington
The main objective of this essay was to approach innovation with respect to the composition of the material with the prefabricated building blocks are made of, the base idea was to replace the use of aggregates in conglomerate, which would give us a new product resulted in the production chain that would generate impacts of social order linked to the people who work with recycling, economical for the final product cost, technology for the creation of a new and environmental material by reusing polymers would otherwise be discarded . To validate this hypothesis the new block was subjected to laboratory experimentation comparing resulting to those required by the rules NTE- INEN values. Varying the percent loading of polymer in the blend from 10% to 40% of 10 in 10. The laboratory analysis concludes that the burden of polyethylene must not exceed 10 % and should be used on high density, then removing intermediaries with respect to sales of people working with recycling represents a significant impact on their work, on the other hand the final cost of the new block is competitive with traditional building block. Finally as for the environmental aspect a double positive effect occurs, contributes to the reduction of solid waste going to landfill, and because of the other production process of this new product does not generate impacts that could alter environmental conditions.
Determinación de las principales fuentes de agua que generan escorrentía en zonas de páramo y su contribución, usando trazadores ambientales
(2015) Ramón Flores, Jorge David; Ortiz Chimbo, María Fernanda; Crespo Sánchez, Patricio Javier
Despite the importance of the paramo ecosystem due to the environmental services it provides to the planet, the research on the topic is scarce; an issue that has led to the development of new studies to understand its hydrological function. This study conducted in the Zhurucay River Basin located in the southern Ecuadorian Andes between 3200 and 3900 m a.s.l., focused on identifying the main geographic sources that contribute to runoff using the end-member technique in paramoareas and determining their percentage of contribution through a mixture model. Water samples recollection was conducted in the monitoring network located in the upper basin of the Zhurucay River during the period April 2012 - June 2013. The mixture model was applied to identify as the main end-members Manantial (M), Andosol 1 (A1) and Histosol 1 (H1), considering Histosol (H1) as the largest contributor to runoff generation in the basin, with a percentage of contribution between 20 and 80%, followed by Andosol 1 with percentages between 20 and 55%, and finally Manantial point presenting a contribution between 5 and 20%, indicating that this source contributes the least to the basin runoff.
Biomasa foliar, desfronde y descomposición de la hojarasca en los rodales de Polylepis reticulata del Parque Nacional Cajas
(2015) Pinos Flores, Juan Andrés; Hampel, Henrietta; Gracía Alonso, Carlos
In this study we analyzed leaf litterfall (falling leaves), leaf turnover and the process of litter decomposition of Polylepisreticulata in 6 permanent unlogged sample plots, 100m², located in the Cajas National Park (Cuenca, Azuay) for a period of 9 months. To measure leaf litterfall, five circular collectors (0.125m² opening; 2mm mesh size) were distributed in each plot and contents collected every 15 days. Decomposition bags (dimensions 15 x 15 cm; 2mm mesh size) with about 20g (dry weight) of litterfall, were placed in the soil covered with moss and litter. The bags were collected in periods of 30, 60, 90, 150 and 210 days. Mean annual litterfall for Polylepisreticulata was 3.85 Tons/ha and leaf turnover was 1.75 years. The maximum leaf production was in the month of May and was 4 times greater than the minimum. In 210 days, the decomposition bags lost 20% of its mass and resulted in a rate of 0.40 year-1.
Elaboración de un inventario de fuentes fijas de combustión establecidas en el Parque Industrial de la ciudad de Cuenca para la estimación de emisiones atmósfericas
(2015) Aguirre Ramón, Jenny Fabiola; Machado Cuzco, Jessica Alexandra; Moscoso Vanegas, Diana Lucía
Industrial Park of Cuenca city is located in northwest this park has presented an increase in their productive activity, today we can find a variety of important industries like food industry, ceramic, metal mechanical, elaboration of tires, textiles and plastic, for this situation and lack of information we have seen the need of to do inventory about air emissions of companies considered as a stationary sources of combustion in order to quantify the most representative contaminants, for the future determine the impact generated air resource witch visibly affects human health and environmental degradation. Into the selected for the study area was found 121active industries of which 32 are considered stationary combustion. The methodology used for the preparation of the inventory was made by emission factors with the result that the pollutant emitted is mostly sulfur dioxide (SO2), due to the production of paper, cardboard with a total of 8.71 kg/h, for fuel with high sulfur content, is also a consequence that this company works 24 hours a day and 7 day a week. The pollutant that is emitted in smaller quantities is carbon monoxide generated by the manufacture of furniture and joinery with a total of 4.70 kg/h. We can find suggestions to the competent environmental authority about the implementation of control measures to reduce emissions, for another part to prepare an updated database for tracking into this area of interest.
Elaboración de un balance hídrico de la Cuenca del Río Machangara
(2015) Carchi García, Esteban Adrian; Avilés Añazco, Alex Manuel
This work makes a water balance in the Machángara River basin located in the province of Azuay and Cañar, has an area of 325 km2 and it is composed of threemicrobasins: Chulco River, Machangara Alto River and Machángara Bajo River. Three climatological variables were evaluated, those were the most influensive water amounts, was assessed so the precipitation, temperature (average, maximum and minimum) and evapotranspiration. In the same way was determined demand for water and identification of the most relevant uses of water resources. Water availability in the basin was obtained from the intersection of information between precipitation and evapotranspiration. For the study of the precipitation is determined effective areas of each station with the method of Thiessen polygons, and for the calculation of evapotranspiration the Thornthwaite method, which is based on the average temperatura was used. For the calculation of water demand was an analysis and preliminary selection of data using information from the Bank's authorization of the secretariat national water (SENAGUA). Relevant results in this research is the analysis of water availability vs. water demand at the level of the upper and lower basin, in order to meet the deficit and excess of water resources in these areas at monthly level.
Obtención de compost a partir de activadores biológicos
(2015) Guasco Pinguil, Janeth Noemí; Jaramillo Aguilar, Mónica Elizabeth; Ramírez Matamoros, Marco Tulio
This research is based on obtaining compost by applying biological activators EMAs, EM y Surfixx-R and Best Ultra-F to accelerate decomposition of organic matter Was performed randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four trials with three replications; in a time of 13 weeks. When start the process the color of the waste was typical of the bark of fruit and vegetables, with the passage of time was observed from wastes similar to brown-ground hue. The average temperature in the mesophilic stage of biological activators and control was 18.42°C. After five days of composting start a thermophilic phase occurred with an average temperature of 53.8°C; EMAs highest temperature reached 56.9°C and the lowest S-B 50.6°C. In the maturation phase treatments the average temperature was 30.7°C, getting the highest value EMAs with 32.6°C and the lowest control 28.9°C. Moisture is related to temperature because if there is no good low temperature drastically. Aeration is important in this job because if frequent turning is not performed decreases the O2 generating an anaerobic decomposition. The values of temperature and humidity control were minimal as no biological activators is used compared to the treatments. The values of nutrients: NT, P2O5, K2O, MOnot had differences between treatments.
Estimación de la radiación solar y neta a partir de la temperatura en ecosistemas de páramo y comparación con sensores a nivel del suelo
(2015) Montenegro Díaz, Paola Fernanda; Carrillo Rojas, Galo José; Córdova Mora, Mario Andrés
Radiation is a meteorological parameter related to the processes of evapotranspiration, photosynthesis, and climate change. In order to understand the influence of radiation on an ecosystem, is necessary a continuing monitoring using specialized equipment, or using mathematic models to calculate it. Study probes the relation between observed and estimated radiation, and the influence of cloudiness over the solar radiation. It was developed using information of three meteorological stations, situated in Quinoas watershed. Objectives were: (i) Estimating hourly solar radiation, (ii) Estimating hourly net radiation. Both of them were calculated using equations described in FAO-56. Results were compared with the data from pyranometers and net radiometers respectively, using statistical equations: root mean square error (RMSE), mean bias error (MBE), and coefficient of determination (R2). (iii) Relating the cloudiness percentage, determined by Landsat ETM+(B1) satellite images, with the solar radiation. Results showed a poor estimation of the solar radiation using Hargreaves-Samani model (HS). RMSE% errors were higher than 64.5%, MBE% errors were higher than -31.8% and the mean R2 was 0.52. Net radiation calculated from values of solar radiation observed in pyranometers was acceptable. RMSE% were lower than 41.9%, MBE% were lower than 23.9%, and the mean R2 was 0.96. There was a moderate to high inverse relation (R2=0.73) between cloudiness percentage and the effective fraction of solar radiation, for the area that contains the pyranometers (72.26 Km2). This study has evaluated the reliability/plausibility of the HS model, and the importance of relating the solar radiation and cloudiness in a páramo ecosystem.
Diseño del sistema de gestión ambiental según la norma ISO 14001, para la empresa de lacteos LACTJUBONES
(2015) Alvarracín Barros, Ana Belén; Espinoza Hernández, Paulina Rebeca
The environmental situation of our planet, requires great actions to mitigate and prevent pollution, especially pollution anthropogenic provided with many substances, waste, effluents and harmful gases to the planet, mainly due to the growth of industrial activities. That is why, it is considering and with interest in the environmental situation and especially industry is which has more emphasis on the development of mechanisms and systems of environmental management, which more than increase efficiency and promote the development and the excellence of the organization or company, are intended to prevent, mitigate and reduce the environmental impacts and also to preserve and care for the environment. An environmental management system gives some guidelines for an organization or company to perform their activities environmentally friendly way. The company Lactjubones, has seen fit the development of the environmental management system, with reference to the ISO 14001 standard, that is intended to carry out a proper handling of raw materials and inputs of the organization. It is as well that management systems are intended for management and continuous improvement of policies, procedures and processes of an organization, since it is a set of activities and actions, which are carried out by different actors of the Organization to ensure adequate use and management of resources and care for the environment.
Elaboración de un plan de gestión de residuos sólidos para el laboratorio de suelos de la Facultad Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad de Cuenca
(2015) García Ríos, Edwin Alexander; Vázquez Guillén, Juan José
This project involved the development of a management plan for the management of different solid waste generated in the Soil's Laboratory of the Faculty of Chemistry of the Cuenca University, because currently the Laboratory does not have a management adequate of waste and there is no control on the current negative impacts. To meet proper management of solid waste, it must pass through different specific processes within their generation, storage, treatment and disposal, in order to reduce current impacts caused, for it was necessary to select different methodologies that allowed the collection clear and concise data required to develop a management plan, including: a review of national and international regulations relevant to the management of solid waste, study analyzes and processes in the Laboratory identifying areas of waste generation, characterization and identifying environmental impacts, and assessed the degree of magnitude and importance for solid waste occurred on the environment Obtained sufficient data to ensure the success of a management system activities, methodologies and corrective measures that will be the mainstay of the management plan and also to compliance and monitoring them were proposed, the laboratory of Soil promote corporate image against environmental issues: solid waste management and minimization of impacts.
Estimación del potencial energético proveniente de biomasa agroforestal en la provincia de Los Ríos-Ecuador
(2015) Quizhpe Parra, Carlos Hernán; Cisneros Ramos, Juan Fernando
This study aims to estimate the potential of energy from agricultural and forestry biomass in the coverage area of the Pacalori megaproject, project developed by the Secretaría Nacional del Agua (SENAGUA) of Ecuador and Proyecto para el Manejo del Agua y del Suelo (PROMAS) of the University of Cuenca, has 190,000 hectares in the province of Los Rios, in addition Balzar canton of Guayas province, Ecuador. This estimate takes into account only the fraction of the biomass located on ground level, AGB. LiDAR technology was used in this estimate. By way of comparison AGB estimation was performed using vegetation indices (IV), these were the Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Leaf Area Index (LAI). From LiDAR point cloud belonging to different study area Digital Elevation Models (DEM) according to the present in the same coverages they were generated. The range of height values present in these DEM was used for the weighted average height of hedges. Using empirical equations based on these heights the average values obtained 859,174.2 Mg on average, taking into account the usable biomass reaches 54%. Finally the thermal analysis of samples taken in the field was done. Thus the usable energy potential of the study area TJ 11'907,591.25 obtaining an average energy was estimated.
Estimación del impacto del cambio climático en la calidad del agua para la cuenca del río Tomebamba en Monay
(2015) Amay Izquierdo, Edison Fernando; López Puma, Esteban Santiago; Mora Serrano, Diego Esteban; García Zumalacarregui, Jorge Alejandro
This thesis has been developed for the purpose to extend the hydrological knowledge concerning to the study of water quality considering climate change impacts with in tropical Andean basins. This was possible through the development of a water quality submodel obtained by data mining to relate water quailty paremeters versus hidro-meterological parameters. A database of 27 days was used to obtain a submodel in the Weka software. This database consists of seven physicochemical parameters (BOD, COD, DO, CT, SST, nitrates and nitrites) and 4 hydro-meteorological variables (flow, precipitation, temperature and ETo) daily observed. The resulting ecuations were able to model successfully the load (kg / day) of physicochemical parameters in relation with the hydro meteorological variablesat the Tomebamba in Monay basin. Subsequently, the results of Weka were incorporated with the results of climate models and theresults of the VHM model, obtaining predictions of the 7 parameters of water quality for the years 2045 to 2065 for the climate change scenario A1B of Special Report of the IPCC scenarios emissions. The research achievement meet the objectives set, showing that for future years a reduction in water quality, where an increase of 9409 kg / day BOD increase, 357,599 kg / day of COD, 18045 kg / day OD and 619 Kg / day of nitrate is projected; while in the drought events pollutant load reductions are presented, the most significant lowering of -2.20E + 05 kg / day of SST and -63988.9 kg / day BOD.
Análisis comparativo de cuatro modelos de evapotranspiración de referencia en la microcuenca del río Quinuas
(2015) Contreras Silva, Juan José; Carrillo Rojas, Galo José; Córdova Mora, Mario Andrés
The accurateestimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is an essential requirement in hydrological, ecohydrological and biometeorological studies. Despite this importance, the ETo has been scarcely studied in the paramo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of 4 models of ETo (FAO 56 PM, Hargreaves, Priestley-Taylor and Valiantzas) in a Andean mountain gradient, for this: (I) ETo was estimated using different models in the gradient, (II) ETo estimates for different models were compared in the gradient against the reference model of the FAO 56 P-M, (III) the impact of the estimates of the 4 models was analyzed by a sensitivity analysis. The study was conducted with meteorological data sampled between August 2013 and July 2014, in 3 meteorological stations in the Quinuas micro-river basin (Cajas National Park, Azuay).The results show that ETo has a similar pattern in the study places throughout the year, the maximum value was recorded in November and the minimum value in June. The best daily ETo estimates were obtained using the Valiantzas method and the best monthly estimates using the Priestley-Taylor when compared to the FAO 56 P-M model. The sensitivity analysis showed that ETo is most sensitive in the paramo to relative humidity and solar radiation, followed by temperature and less to wind speed. The sensitivity to the ETo to the meteorological parameters differs in each model.
Análisis del impacto ambiental de las tecnologías termo-solares de concentración, usando la herramienta ACV (análisis del ciclo de vida)
(2015) Estrella López, José Julián; Espinoza Abad, Juan Leonardo
This research is part of a project named “Elaboration of a map of solar direct normal irradiance and analysis of industrial applications, techno-economic feasibility, and environment impact of hybrid solar thermal systems for Ecuador,” proposed by the National Institute of Energetic Efficiency and Renewable Energy - INER (the acronym for the name in Spanish), and developed by the University of Cuenca. The project includes among its main objectives: The development of a map of solar direct normal irradiance (DNI), the analysis of the techno-economic feasibility of alternatives of generation with solar thermal concentrators and its possible hybridization with other fuels such as natural gas and biomass, and the evaluation of the global environmental impact of the concentrators through the life cycle assessment (LCA). This investigation focuses in the last objective presented previously; thereby contributing to choose the technology that best meets the requirements of efficiency, cost and environmental impact reduction. For this study, it will be deeply investigated each one of the four technologies of solar thermal concentrating systems that are required to be analyzed establishing criteria for the comparison based on the methodology proposed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the standards 14040 and 14044 to obtain a full inventory of inputs and outputs of energy and matter, using SimaPro 8 for the LCA used by the INER.
Estimación de la fracción de agua de evento y pre evento que aportan al caudal, mediante el uso de isótopos estables, en la Cuenca del río Zhurucay
(2015) Ramón Reinozo, Mayra Elizabeth; Crespo Sánchez, Patricio Javier
In recent years the hydrological information related to paramo has become very important for the ecosystem services provided in the social, economic and environmental fields. Researches conducted in this topic are still necessary to clarify and understand its operation and hydrological dynamics. To estimate the fraction of event and pre-event water sources contributing runoff to flow during rainfall events using mixture models was analyzed isotopic data (oxygen 18) of precipitation and flow of the river basin Zhurucay for the period February - April 2014. Analysis of the results shows that the pre-event water is predominant, reaching up to 98% depending on the antecedent moisture and rainfall intensity. A high correlation of the percentage of pre-event water with the Histosolsand Andosolssoils is observed(r2 = 0.7), showing the importance of the characteristics and physicochemical properties of these soils in runoff generation. The results subject to an uncertainty analysis revealed a variation range between 4 and 31% and they can be considered reliable. Although cases where 100% greater uncertainty were also given, being the main contributor the eventwater component; so the results for these should be interpreted with caution.
Estructura de los rodales de polylepis reticulata del Parque Nacional El Cajas. Estado actual para proyección futura en el marco del cambio climático
(2015) Pacheco León, Karla Antonieta; Hampel, Henrietta
This research aimed to describe the structure of Polylepisreticulata stands in Cajas National Park (P.N.C.), to provide accurate information on the current status of these forests and to contribute a baseline to the development of a future project that will analyze the ecophysiology of Polylepis and the functional responses to climate change. Six permanent plots were selected (3800 – 4000 m a.s.l) in three different areas: Toreadora lake, Taquiurco Hill and San Luis Forest. Structural variables such as: density, diameter at breast height (DBH), growth rates of trees, aboveground biomass, content and carbon accumulation rates, Specific Leaf Weight (SLW), Leaf Area (LA) and Leaf Area Index (LAI) were determined. Further, self-thinning law was known. When possible these variables were measured directly in field, however indirect methods were adopted when direct measurement would have been too invasive and/or expensive. Allometric equations were developed from field data to estimate biomass, growth rates, leaf area and others. Global mean density was 4025 trees/ha with aboveground biomass of 102.55 Mg/ha, 50% of which is carbon. Increases found for Polylepis are very slow and ranged from 0.04 to 0.55 mm/year. Annual production was 1.11 Mg/ha. The results show that the 70 % of absorbed carbon is used for the production and maintenance of the leaves.
Relación entre las propiedades biofísicas con parámetros de modelos hidrológicos conceptuales en la micro-cuenca alto-andina del río Zhurucay
(2015) Marín Sarmiento, María Augusta; Crespo Sánchez, Patricio Javier
In thehigh-Andeanecosystemssuch as thewetmoor, monitoring and lack of education are a problem, whichisaggravatedduetotheincreasingneedfor data flowgeneratedbytheseecosystemstoconductstudiesonmeansproblemsenvironmental. Thusmethodologies for obtainingthis information are sought by estimatesthroughrelationshipsbetweenhydrologicalmodeling and watershedproperties. In thisstudy the benefit of the biophysicalproperties to estimate the parameters of twoconceptualmodels, becauseobtainingtheseis an obstacle to the application of rainfall-runoffmodelswasanalyzed(Xu, 2000). The modelswerecalibrated for River basin Zhurucay, on the moors of Quimsacocha, for a set of parametersdescribing the hydrologicalbehavior, which are used to makecorrelationswith the biophysicalproperties and then the regressionequationsobtainedthatwillbeuseful to estimate the parameters in unmonitored basins. For the evaluation of the performance of variousmodels of efficiencycriteria as the index of Nash and Sutcliffe, BIAS and bands of uncertaintygenerated by GLUE used. The results show that the modelsused are a good representation of the system. While in the correlationanalysis, the mostsignificantparametersconcerningreflectseveralbiophysicalproperties, thus setting equationswereobtained for eachparameter.

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