Revista Maskana

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La aplicación del análisis inverso de deslizamientos como herramienta para la determinación de los parámetros geomecánicos del suelo
(2010) Bojorque Iñeguez, Jaime Asdrúbal
A landslide can be considered as a large-scale field test, where back analysis or inverse modeling directly provides the soil strength parameters. Moreover, the necessity for determining a representative sample for the testing is avoided. A new method of determining soil parameters from back analysis of slope failures is presented in this paper, based on combining finite element analysis and optimization techniques. The optimization algorithms used in this study are the NonLinear Least Squares (NLLS) and the Coupled Local Minimizers (CLM). An illustrative example is presented, considering a simple homogenous slope. The results of the analysis show that the proposed technique is efficient to determining soil parameters from slope failures by retaining the advantages of finite element slope stability analysis. This process helps to overcome some limitations and uncertainties in the use of laboratory and in-situ tests. Generally, the errors involved in the back analysis of a slope failure will cancel out by applying the back analyzed shear strength in further analyses of new slopes in the same region. The back calculated values can also be efficiently used to analyze the stability of other slopes with similar characteristics.
Localización de sitios en mapas raster para minimizar impactos de flujo
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2010-12) Vanegas, Pablo; Cattrysse, Dirk; Van Orshoven, Jos; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca; DIUC
Policy and decision makers dealing with environmental conservation and land use planning often require identifying potential sites for contributing to minimize sediment flow reaching riverbeds. This is the case of reforestation initiatives, which can have sediment flow minimization among their objectives. This paper proposes an Integer Programming (IP) formulation and a Heuristic solution method for selecting a predefined number of locations to be reforested in order to minimize sediment load at a given outlet in a watershed. Although the core structure of both methods can be applied for different sorts of flow, the formulations are targeted to minimization of sediment delivery. The proposed approaches make use of a Single Flow Direction (SFD) raster map covering the watershed in order to construct a tree structure so that the outlet cell corresponds to the root node in the tree. The results obtained with both approaches are in agreement with expert assessments of erosion levels, slopes and distances to the riverbeds, which in turn allow concluding that the studied approaches are suitable for minimizing sediment flow.
Incorporation of aquatic ecology to the hydrological investigation of ecosystems in the high Andes
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2010-12) Hampel, Henrietta; Cocha, Jenny; Vimos, Diego; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca; DIUC
Ecosystem services in high mountains support the life of millions of people dependent on the well functioning of these ecosystems. Collection and interpretation of hydrologic data in South Ecuador has a long record but almost no ecological investigation has been carried out in the various aquatic ecosystems. Combined, hydrologic and ecological research would provide an integrated picture on the functioning and importance of high mountain ecosystems which in future could be the base of new projects and policies on protection and conservation measures at local and regional scale. This article describes an ongoing research with general objective the characterization of the structure of various aquatic ecosystems based on the sampling of different trophic levels and analysis of the limnology. More specific objectives are: (1) definition of the conservation status of high mountain lagoons; (2) analyzing the effect of vegetation cover on aquatic community structure; (3) assessing the impact of hydrological connectivity on the faunal composition of different ecosystems; and (4) examining the effect of ultraviolet radiation on the status of aquatic communities. Project activities cover: detailed planning of sampling activities, implementation of sampling campaigns for the collection of needed samples and information, laboratory work, data analyses using various statistical methods and publishing results in extension and scientific manuscripts. The project will improve the knowledge of the ecosystem functioning of high mountain ecosystems in South Ecuador.
La clasificación de universidades como herramienta de gestión universitaria
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2010-12) Feyen, Jan; Vázquez Zambrano, Raúl Fernando; Universidad de Cuenca; DIUC; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca
The recent discussion on university ranking raised quite some commotion among the Ecuadorian academic society. Because Ecuadorian universities do not produce Nobel Prize winners, public and private investment in research are limited, academicians hardly produce articles in recognized scientific journals, among other factors, are responsible that the higher education institutions in Ecuador do not rank in the top of the world university ranking systems. The tendency exists to impeach the value of the world ranking systems by stating that the criteria used are far away from Ecuador‟s reality. True, but the moderate to low ranking might be an incentive for the universities to be more alert and look for ways to improve the institutional performance and in doing so enhancing its competitiveness at national and international level. In this respect, the paper first examines the relation between higher education and development with Ecuador as case study, as to come to an MASKANA, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2010 Revista semestral de la DIUC 4 interpretation of the ranking of Ecuador‟s higher educational institutes. In contradiction to the misinterpretation of the ranking systems by local academicians, the article explains briefly the basis of 5 world university ranking systems, illustrates that a given institution ranks different in each of the ranking systems, compares and explains the ranking of 10 Ecuadorian institutions that classify in the Ranking Iberoamericano SIR 2010 and the Ranking Web, to conclude that the Ranking Iberoamericano SIR 2010 and the ranking of the Consejo Nacional de Evaluación y Acreditación (CONEA) yield upon a few exceptions very similar results. Since international rankings put quite some emphasis on research and research output, two avenues are discussed to improve the institutional publication record, i.e. (i) attracting junior staff with doctorate, having experience writing scientific articles, including the creation of an inductive research environment, and (ii) establishing in the institution a scientific journal offering to inexperienced staff the opportunity of acquiring and/or improving writing skills.
Homogenización computacional aplicada al estudio de suelos tipo conglomerado del austro ecuatoriano
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2010-12) Santacruz, Karla; Samaniego Alvarado, Esteban Patricio
The soil type in Cuenca, Southern Ecuador, is called conglomerado (conglomerate, a heterogeneous soil composed of a mixture ranging from decimetric stones to clay). Experimental values of the characteristics of this material are hardly available, mainly because the size of the specimens is difficult manageable in a standard laboratory. To deal with this problem, the authors used a methodology based on computational homogenization. The main ingredient is a computational model of the material that allows performing virtual experiments over a representative volume. In order to build this model, the elastic properties of the components are experimentally defined. In the study two elements were considered: boulders, stones with diameters over ¾ of an inch, and matrix, the rest of the material. The matrix properties were found by performing triaxial tests on samples with the same specific weight and in situ moisture content. The properties of the other component, boulders, were derived from literature. The representative volume was determined on the basis of the characteristic length and the distribution of the components over the volume. The first issue was tackled by using a computational asymptotic analysis. The second issue was dealt with by using photographs of natural MASKANA, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2010 Revista semestral de la DIUC 32 slopes of the material. A sensitivity analysis to determine the most relevant factors (size, shape, distribution, components properties) was performed. Then, by using the properties of each component and allowing the relevant factors to vary, a range of values for the Young modulus (E) and the Poisson ratio (υ) of the composite were obtained.
Evaluation of a data-based hydrological model for simulating the runoff of medium sized Andean basins
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2010-12) Célleri Alvear, Rolando Enrique; Willems, Patrick; Feyen, Jan; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca; DIUC
Using timeseries of rainfall and streamflow of two basins in the Andean mountain range, South Ecuador, different in size (300 and 1260 Km2), a generalized lumped conceptual model (VHM), offering the possibility of using different levels of complexity with number of model parameters varying between 5 and 15, was tested. To increase the information timeseries of total streamflow were split in timeseries of quick, intermittent and baseflow, and the timeseries were discretized to select independent events of high and low flows. The paper outlines in detailed the procedure for the model structure identification, calibration and validation, as well as the multi-objective criteria approach used to evaluate the performance of the model and its components. It has been shown that the model structure, consisting of a module for soil storage and quick flow, was able to model for both basins the water balance and streamflow components with acceptable accuracy. A low value of the soil water storage facilitates the model calibration but it is not a guarantee that the model performs better. The study further reveals that the risk of over-parameterization
Modelación hidrológica de una microcuenca altoandina ubicada en el Austro Ecuatoriano
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2010-12) Vázquez Zambrano, Raúl Fernando; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca; DIUC
Despite its importance, the hydrology of the Andean catchments is at the moment not well known. Hence, facing the continuously growing concern from society for a sustainable use of water resources and the conservation of mountain catchments of the Ecuadorian Austral region, it is relevant to start with research initiatives for getting to know, among other aspects, the interrelationships between climate and hydrology of páramos and the capacity of these ecosystems to “produce” water. In this context, the current manuscript describes some of the experiences modelling the hydrology of a micro-catchment located to the south-west of Cuenca (Ecuador), presenting some details of the model construction for the study site on the basis of a lumped conceptual code (NAM), as well as, some preliminary modelling results. The modelling protocol included a deterministic/stochastic approach based on Monte Carlo simulations. The initial modelling results are acceptable, which encourages the further improvement of the current version of the model, as well as, the further use of the numerical code on additional study sites such as Andean sub-catchments and catchments of interest.
Métodos para el análisis de la estabilidad de pendientes
(2011) Bojorque Iñeguez, Jaime Asdrúbal
This document presents, in a concise manner, different methods that have been developed for slope stability analysis. These methods are compared from the point of view of the assumptions that each of these methods uses to solve the problem. Among the most used methods are: the Limit Equilibrium Method with its variants, the Limit Analysis Method based on the theorems of the lower-bound and upper-bound, and the Numerical Methods with emphasis on the Finite Element Method, which uses the soil strength reduction technique. This document also presents a compilation of references for each method, which may form the starting point for further improvement of each methodology used in slope stability analysis.
On the assesment of water resources model predictions
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2011-07) Vázquez Zambrano, Raúl Fernando; DIUC; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca
The analysis of the most commonly used measures of hydrological/hydraulic model performance was herein carried out by means of their statistical examination and illustrative modelling applications. In doing so, the model performance indexes were classified in two groups, according to the type of error (or residual) that those indexes are measuring: (i) statistics measuring the average systematic error (model bias); and (ii) statistics measuring the average combined systematic and random discrepancies among simulations and observations. The reader can in this way easily select a set of unrelated statistics to report on model performance. The manuscript addresses as well the main pitfalls of some of the most popular statistics used in scientific literature and suggests some approaches to overcome such potential pitfalls when addressing model performance.
Desempeño de modelos hidráulicos 1D y 2D para la simulación de inundaciones Lus Timbe
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2011-07) Timbe Castro, Luis Manuel; Willems, Patrick; DIUC; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca
Nowadays, the availability of high resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) to represent the earth surface allows coupling of hydraulic models with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to obtain the flood extent and water levels in floodplains. Many studies on flood mapping have been conducted using one or two dimensional (1D/2D) hydrodynamic models. Some authors affirm that 2D hydraulic models are the state of the art for river flood modeling. They have, however, the disadvantage that their application is constrained by the high requirements for data, hardware and software. 1D models are capable of modeling precisely the flow in main rivers, but are less accurate for modeling over bank flow. The aim of the investigation is to test the accuracy for river floodplain modeling comparing a quasi-2D approach using a 1D model with a full 2D approach. The models were tested for the river Dender in Belgium for three historical flood events.
Characterizatión of main external climate influences in rainfall and air temperature in the Paute River Basin - Southern Andes of Ecuador
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2011-07) Mora, D. E.; Willems, Patrick; DIUC; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca
Characterization of climate variability in the Andes mountain range needs special assessment as rainfall and temperature are extremely variable in space and time. This paper examines the anomalies of observed month rainfall and temperature data of respectively 25 and 16 stations, from the early 1960‟s to the 1990‟s and compare them against anomalies from different external climate influences in annual and 3-month seasonal block periods. The stations are located in the Río Paute Basin in the Ecuador‟s southern Andes. All stations are within the elevation band 1800 and 4200 m a.s.l. and affected by the Tropical Pacific, Amazon and Tropical Atlantic climate. The results show similar temperature variations for the entire region, which are highly influenced by the ENSO, especially during the DJF season. During JJA, the correlation is weaker showing the influence of other climate factors. Higher temperature anomalies are found at the high elevation sites while in deep valleys the anomalies are less significant. Rainfall variations depend, in addition to elevation, on additional factors such as the aspect orientation, slope and hydrological regime. Highest and most significant rainfall anomalies are found in the eastern sites.
Identifcation of the runoff generation processes in a montane cloud forest combining hydrometric data and mixing model analysis
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2011-07) Crespo Sánchez, Patricio Javier; Bücker, Amelie; Feyen, Jan; Vache, Kellie B.; Frede, Hans Georg; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca; Breuer, Lutz
Field observations of runoff generation in pristine montane cloud forests are scarce. However, this knowledge is important for a sustainable natural resources management. Here we report results of a study carried out in the San Francisco River basin (75,3 km2) located on the Amazonian side of the Cordillera Real in the southernmost Andes of Ecuador. The basin is mainly covered with cloud forest, sub-páramo, pasture and ferns. A nested sampling approach was used for the collection of stream water samples and discharge measurements in the main tributaries and outlet of the basin. Additionally, soil and rock water samples were collected. Weekly to biweekly water grab samples were taken at all stations in the period April 2007 to November 2008. Hydrometric, mean residence time and mixing model approaches allowed identifying the main hydrological processes that control the runoff generation in the basin. Results clearly reveal that flow during dry conditions mainly consists of lateral flow through the C-horizon and cracks in the top weathered bedrock layer. The data shows that all catchments have an important contribution of this deep water to runoff, no matter whether pristine or deforested. During normal to low precipitation intensities, when antecedent soil moisture conditions favor water infiltration, vertical flow paths to deeper soil horizons with subsequent lateral sub-surface flow contributes most to streamflow. Under wet conditions in forested catchments streamflow is controlled by near-surface lateral flow through the organic horizon, and it is unlikely that Horton overland flow occurs during storm events. By absence of the litter layer in pasture streamflow under wet conditions primarily originates from the rooted surface layers and the A horizon, and Hortonian overland flow during extreme events.
Hydraulic assessment of waste stabilization ponds: comparison of computational fluid dynamics simulations against tracer data
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2011-07) Alvarado, Andrés; Vedantam, Sreepriya; Durazno, Galo; Nopens, Ingmar; DIUC; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca
The overall performance of a wastewater treatment plant is in addition to the effectiveness of the biokinetic processes controlled by the flow dynamics. A wide used technique to characterize the water flow dynamics is the use of tracers. At full-scale tracer experiments in wastewater treatment plants provide insufficient information to completely grasp the flow dynamics. Additionally results are often biased by uncontrolled external factors. As alternative, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models for performance analysis of existing and the design of new wastewater treatment plants have been increasingly used over the last decade. The paper presents the results of a tracer experiment against the output of a CFD model with application to a 7 ha large maturation pond. The tracer study was conducted with the fluorescence dye Rhodamine WT using the stimulus response technique. The three dimensional CFD model was built considering a variable density distribution of spatial grids based on the specific characteristics of the system. For the unsteady flow simulations the turbulence model k- was adopted. Residence time distribution (RTD) generated by both approaches were compared and showed fairly good agreement. The velocity and turbulence profiles of the CFD model were compared with experimental data confirming, although the high computational demand, the robustness of the used CFD model.
Actitudes de los adolescentes escolarizados de Cuenca hacia la diversidad sexual
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2011-07) Pinos Vélez, Verónica Patricia; Pinos Abad, Guido Marcelo
The overall objective of the survey was to assess the attitude of school age adoloscents regarding LGBT (Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and Transsexuals) and the factors controlling the attitude. Knowledge of the extent and insight in the controlling factors will help in providing efficient and effective educational programs ensuring equality and respect regarding this minority group. The research was quantitative, transversal, descriptive and comparative. A survey was applied to 1130 high school students and 31 teachers to investigate the relationship between the attitudes regarding the LGBT minority group and the socio-demographic, family, community and personal factors of the sampled population. For the exploration of the relationship between the variables use was made of the chi-square statistics. Analysis of the survey data revealed that the majority of the adolescents had liberal homophobia attitudes. The factors controlling this attitude by school age adolescents regarding LGBT are: high school type, age, gender, level of religiosity, education level of parents, level of family communication, degree of prejudiced believes, to know a person who is LGBT, and sexual orientation. In summary, the adolescents from Cuenca have homophobic attitudes, which justifies the development of educational programs with the challenging objective of changing the attitudes towards LGBT.
Metales pesados en humedades de arroz en la Cuenca baja del Río Guayas
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2011-07) Pozo, Wilson; Santafeliu, Teófile; Carrera, Gloria; DIUC; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca
In the lower basin of Guayas, more in particular in the wetland area, the rice is cultivated on 350.000 ha. An area of 100 km2, covering both sides of the tributary river Babahoyo, situated in the cantons Samborondón and Yaguachi, was selected to study the presence of heavy metals in the top soil and plants. Soil samples were collected in 26 sites, whereas plants were sampled in 5 sampling stations. The concentration of heavy metals in the top soil was related to soil edaphological properties and the concentration in the rice plants, using multivariate analysis. At each site 12 variables were measured resulting over the 26 sites in the following average values: MO 4%, clay 32,7%, loam 49,8%, sand 17,5%, pH 6,6, CE 7,9 mS m-1, metal concentration in mg kg-1 Cu 48,8, Fe 8.734, Mn 343, Zn 34, Hg not detected, Cd 0,15 y Pb 4,4. Statistical analysis revealed that 40,7% of the spatial variability in heavy metals in the top soil is explained by the first two principal components, loam and clay (CP1) and clay and cadmium (CP2). In addition, the 26 sites could be grouped in 6 distinct classes at an euclidian distance of 3,22. Based on the concentration the heavy metals in the top soil rank from high to low as follows: Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn > Pb > Cd and Hg not detected. The concentration of lead in the sites where also the lead concentration was measured in the rice plants, 5 locations in total, ranged
Percepciones sobre la diversidad sexual en adolescentes escolarizados de la ciudad de Cuenca
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2011-12) Pinos Vélez, Verónica Patricia; Pinos Abad, Guido Marcelo; Palacios Madero, María Dolores
Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people are a minority group, whose recognition awakens emotional reactions, perceptions and attitudes; the majority with negative tendence. The perceptions and attitudes of rejection are due in large part to the prejudice against this group, which often leads to a stigmatization of LGBT people. Assessment of the perceptions of adolescents towards LGBT individuals was the main purpose of the research. A survey, consisting of a series of qualitative and quantitative questions offering the surveyed people the possibility of providing to the questions personal comments and observations, was applied to 1130 college students and 31 teachers. The students in general stated that it is incorrect mistreating LGBT people. They strongly perceive that family, school and especially the society as hostile environments for LGBT. Moreover, most of the surveyed adolescents expressed serious concern that if they were LGBT, they would worry about the emotional reaction of family, friends, teachers and peers. In the worst case, they even expect being rejected by friends and peers, experience pressure from their family to change attitude, and likely be confronted by an indifferent attitude of their teachers as the latter usually seldom care about the personal situation of students. Given the widespread public opinion and the risk to become the target of strong negative attitudes some adolescents stated to be very reluctant to make public their sexual orientation. It is believed that for achieving social equity for LGBT people one has to work towards the liberation for the broader society from sexual oppression, requiring the initiation of a series of activities, such as the initiation of educational programs aiming de-ligitimization of the prejudice and the opening of people’s mind.
Evaluación de las emisiones de vapor mercurial en procesos de amalgamado artesanal: caso Cantón Ponce Enríquez, Provincia del Azuay
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2011-12) Carrillo Rojas, Galo José; Astudillo A., Ana; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca
Small-scale mining as applied at several locations in the Canton Ponce Enriquez, located in the Province of Azuay, Ecuador, use commonly the mercury amalgamation process whereby elemental mercury is mixed with silt or ore dust that contain tiny pieces of gold. The amalgam is heated and his mercury evaporates, leaving pure gold or silver. During the process miners and anyone else in the vicinity are at risk of inhaling mercury. In this study the variation in the concentration of mercury vapor was examined as a function of the distance from the focal point of heating at four different locations. Results reveal that mercury vapor levels released during the amalgam thermal separation largely exceed the international norms and security and health limits within a distance of one meter of the focal point. At further distance a notable decrease in the concentration of mercury vapor is recorded. The observations will be instrumental for the formulation of policies and regulations that mitigate the hazardous effects of the inhaling of mercury.
Monitoreo de movimientos de ladera en el sector de San Pedro de Vilcabamba mediante procedimientos GPS
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2011-12) Zárate Torres, Belizario A.; DIUC; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca
Landslides often affect large areas, developing latent due to the slowness of the internal dynamics and in most cases only notable by geomorphologic evidences such as soil fissures, which in several cases can be the reflection of other processes. Triggered by extreme rainfall passive potential landslides can convert quickly to active landslides causing huge economic losses, which can be accompanied by loss of human life. Landslide control, consisting in the collection of data to predict the behavior of slopes in time, does not yet exist in Ecuador. According to international literature, surveying the activity of the surface of potential landslide areas using GPS as monitoring technique permits to understand the limits, size, level of activity, direction and velocity of earth movement. In this paper, the technique was applied to quantify the movement of a landslide area in the San Pedro sector of Vilcabamba, southern Ecuador.
Manejo de la hipertensión arterial desde los servicios de atención primaria
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2011-12) Segarra Espinoza, Edgar Enrique; Encalada Torres, Lorena Esperanza; García Alvear, Jorge Luis
The aim of this study was to validate a Primary Health Care model for hypertensive patients in two health centers of the city of Cuenca; in order to identify risk factors, implement an educational intervention program, assess adherence to treatment and the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) related to hypertension. We performed a prospective, analytical study with a quasi-experimental design. The sampling method was cluster sampling; included 100 patients in the intervention group and 219 in the control group. The intervention was implemented over 12 months and involved educational activities, group clinical consultation and clinical guidelines. The mean age was 66,73 years for the intervention group and 69,26 years for the control group, with female predominance in both groups (75% and 71,7%) respectively. Studied risk factors that showed statistical significance were age, schooling and adherence to treatment. We achieved lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 13,26 and 2,19 mmHg respectively. The prevalence of risk factors (snuff, alcohol, sedentary lifestyle) showed a statistically significant decrease. Also, adherence (p = 0,001) and the degree of KAP (p = 0,059) were increased. We conclude that the intervention was effective in reducing the levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, decreasing risk factors, increasing adherence to treatment and the degree of KAP.
Análisis de los factores que influyen el emprendimiento y la sostenibilidad de las empresas del área urbana de la ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2011-12) Cordero López, Juan Francisco; Astudillo Durán, Silvana Vanessa; Delgado Noboa, Jorge Washington; Amón Martínez, Oswaldo; Carpio Guerrero, Ximena Catalina; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca
This article presents the results of an analysis of the traits affecting entrepreneurial activity and the evaluation of the aspects that promote the entrepreneurial spirit and the sustainability of small to medium-sized businesses in the city of Cuenca. The analysis focused on external and internal factors, favoring and hindering the entrepreneurial process, respectively financing, market conditions and legal framework, and the level of education, entrepreneurial and motivational behavior. Data was collected via a descriptive cross-sectional survey, applied to 200 businesses, gathering general information about the manager, and the factors affecting entrepreneurship and company sustainability. The authors expect that the results of the survey will positively enhance the discussion between public, non-governmental and private actors and instructors on key policies stimulating the emergence of new enterprises and the strengthening of existing ones.

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