Ingeniería Ambiental

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Adsorción de ciprofloxacina y diclofenaco sobre arcillas naturales e hidrolizadas usando vasos agitados
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2023-02-14) Abad Delgado, Alex David; Ponce Montalvo, Jonathan Daniel; Peñafiel Tenorio, María Eulalia
Emerging contaminants such as ciprofloxacin and diclofenac are not adequately removed in wastewater treatment plants, affecting the environment. These drugs are of particular interest as they appear on the EU watch list. Several processes, such as adsorption on carbonaceous materials and agricultural waste, have been successfully tested. Against this background, the objective of this work was to find environmental, economical, and effective solutions for the removal of contaminants such as ciprofloxacin and diclofenac on clays in stirred vessel adsorption processes. The clays were characterized by determining the zero-charge point, functional groups, specific surface area, and adsorption capacity. In addition, acid hydrolysis was performed to increase their specific surface area and adsorption capacity, especially in the removal of DCF, which increased by 40 to 60%. All clays adsorbed ciprofloxacin up to 270 mg/g. Acid treatment did not significantly increase the adsorption capacity of this drug. Instead, hydrolyzed clays achieved the adsorption of diclofenac, which natural clays were unable to adsorb, indicating that ciprofloxacin has a greater affinity with clays than diclofenac. Finally, it was shown that the adsorption kinetics for all clays in the removal of CPX and DCF fit the pseudo-second-order model, indicating rapid adsorption. The equilibrium model that best fit for CPX was Freundlich, which suggests multi-layer adsorption, and for DCF was Langmuir, indicating monolayer adsorption.
Análisis de la sostenibilidad operacional de las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales del área rural de la ciudad de Cuenca
(2019) Yunga Cuntada, Arleth del Rocío; Alvarado Martínez, Andrés Omar
Centralized wastewater collection and treatment systems are well known for being expensive to build and operate, especially in areas with low population density and high distances between houses. Therefore, ETAPA has been using decentralized systems because they not only provide a long-term solution for small communities, but they are also economically viable. However, several inconveniences have been associated with Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of these systems, mainly represented as high costs. For this reason, the aim of this study is to compare three operation scenarios. The first one is to keep the continuity of the existing systems, the second, repairing them and the third one the star-up of a new plant. Indeed, the operational sustainability of the decentralized Wastewater Treatment Plants operated by ETAPA were analyzed. Hence, existing information of the O&M, as well as interviews to employees in charge of these activities were gathered. The results revealed that the biggest contribution in the total cost of O&M is the workers' salary. Also, there are excessive maintenance works that are not related to the size and technological configuration of the plants; which are mainly conducted following a schedule, and not as a required action. Finally, the financial analysis showed the potential profitability of the inversion destined for repairing existing systems, with a cost reduction range between 27-94% in O&M. Likewise, repairing current systems turned out to be 95% cheaper than investing in the star-up of a new plant
Análisis medioambiental de las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales del cantón Girón: diagnóstico y elaboración de un plan de mejoras
(2016) Novillo Jara, Miriam Andrea; Patiño Jiménez, Jenny Karina; Guanuchi Quito, Alexandra Elizabeth
This work titration aims assessment, diagnosis and development of an improvement plan for optimizing the processes of purification wastewater treatment plants of Pambadel and Zhuringualosectors ofGirón. In the diagnosis of WWTP characterization of influent and effluent of these it has been made; the values obtained were compared with environmental regulations TULSMA, to assess compliance. Laboratory results of 2014,2015 and 2016along with on-site assessment allowed to determine the percentages of efficiency of wastewater treatment.The efficiencies achieved in 2014 were 70.98% for Pambadel , 69.14% in Zhuringualo, in 2015 of -266.94% for Pambadel plant, 66.03 % for Zhuringualo, in 2016 40,45% and 71.23% respectively.When comparing with the regulations found breach in most parameters: phosphorus, total andthermotolerantcoliforms. A social analysis in which the population of the areas of influence of the wastewater treatment plant weresurveyed in order to meet the needs and nuisances they generate was made. Concluding that the implementation of the improvement plan that involves the following optimization process is needed: a program for emerging maintenance and renovation of dilapidated infrastructure, implementation of a basic laboratory, construction of a pretreatment system based on design drawings and conducting further technical studies.
Cuantificación del metano utilizando la técnica de actividad metanogénica específica en lodos provenientes de la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales de Ucubamba
(2015) Manobanda Manotoa, Santiago David; Heras Bermeo, Víctor Alfonso; García Ávila, Fausto Fernando
The project focuses on quantifying methane production using the sludge from the Urubamba’s treatment plant wastewater. We adapted 6 reactors pilots, we monitored biogas’ generation through AME technical and we evaluated of the results obtained within the anaerobic system. These sludge have dehydration treatment prior to disposal for subsequent disposal in the landfill and the intention of this project is to exploit those sludge gettingbiogas. The method used is a volumetric method, it utilizes the technique AME (Specifies methanogen activity). This technique helps us to quantify the biogas generated through microbiological activity.the method to be used in the preparation of this project is a volumetric quantification method AME technique (specific methanogenic activity) is to use a chemical (caustic soda) to sequester CO2 and methane pass. From the results obtained we quantified effectively the biogas, in this manner, we have tested and verified compliance with our stated objective, we quantified effectively the gas generated within 6 reactors having results of technical AME in theREACTOR 1= 0.061Kg DQO/Kg SVT, REACTOR 3= 0.352Kg DQO/Kg SVT, REACTOR 5= 0.134Kg DQO/Kg SVT, REACTOR 2= 0.121Kg DQO/Kg SVT, REACTOR 4= 0.261Kg DQO/Kg SVT, REACTOR 6= 0.639Kg DQO/Kg SVT,this data is in the 55 day study , also the retention time of stabilization of the pH , the volume of methane and the reactor temperature for each favorable comparison.
Diseño de un sistema de humedales artificiales para el tratamiento de las aguas residuales en la comunidad del Tabacay, cantón Azogues, provincia de Cañar
(2017) García Quito, Andrés Guillermo; Ludizaca Viracocha, Wilson Esteban; Guanuchi Quito, Alexandra Elizabeth
The community of Tabacay located in the canton of Azogues, Cañar province, does not have a wastewater treatment and directly discharges its black waters into one of the streams that joins the Tabacay River, altering the natural composition of the water. The purpose of the project is the design of a system of artificial wetlands. The project started with a meeting with EMAPAL EP technicians and the community to inform them about the project and establish a site for the system to be implemented in the future. A sampling site at the point of discharge of the largest number of domicile interconnected to the community wastewater channel was designated for analysis of the parameters (pH, suspended solids, volatile solids, sedimented solids, nitrites, nitrates, BOD , COD and phosphorus) and subsequent comparison with the Environmental Quality and Effluent Discharge Standards (TULSMA BOOK 6 ANNEX 1). For the design, data obtained from laboratory analysis and tables, theoretical flows and population growth were used to guarantee a useful life of the system, the appropriate vegetation was chosen for the zone, that complies with the removal of pollutants and the correct oxygenation of the wetland. Finally, the cost of plant implementation was estimated, with unit values for material and labor for the correct operation of the plant, adiotinally an operation and maintenance manual was performed to guarantee the efficiency of the system.
Diseño de un sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales con humedales artificiales para el recinto Fátima en el cantón San Fernando
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2021-02-12) Atariguana Guevara, Paola Valeria; Urvina Guallpa, Dayanna Abigail; Guanuchi Quito, Alexandra Elizabeth
The Fatima enclosure is located in the San Fernando canton of the Azuay province in Ecuador. This enclosure, as well as most rural sectors of our country, lacks a wastewater treatment system, thus triggering the contamination of their water bodies, which is why it was decided to design a system of artificial wetlands with vertical subsurface flow to provide a viable alternative solution to this problem. For the design of this system, the water consumption record corresponding to the year 2019 of the enclosure was taken into account to calculate the flows, as well as the population growth rate to calculate the size of the population in 25 years, the time for which the wetland was designed and the methodology dictated by García and Corzo (2008) for the design of phyto-purification systems when there is no gauging campaign was followed. After the design, the graphic representation of the different structures that make up the system has been made in different plans, cuts and detail sections. An analysis of phytodepuration plant species was made, choosing the Scirpus Californicus species (cattail) because it is present in the study area, which allows to reduce costs for the acquisition of seedlings and reduce adaptation times in relation to other species. Simultaneously, a multicriteria analysis was made with the help of ArcGIS software to determine the optimal site, identifying 4 areas for the construction of the system. Once this information was obtained, a guide for the construction, management and maintenance of the wetland was prepared to guarantee the correct development of this project and its effectiveness during all its phases.
Diseño de un sistema de tratamiento para las aguas residuales del camal municipal del cantón Girón
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2023-04-12) Ordóñez Pesántez, Patricia Elizabeth; Quezada Ibarra, Santiago Juvenal; García Ávila, Fausto Fernando
Girón’s municipal slaughterhouse has a wastewater treatment system with a grid and two tanks for solids separation, which is not enough for a proper effluent treatment. Because of it, this work’s objective was to develop a design proposal for a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) for this slaughterhouse. In order to that, three sampling campaigns and a characterization of the wastewater in the laboratory were carried on, the analyzed parameters were: total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (NT), total phosphorus (P), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), fats and oils, fecal coliforms (FC) and total coliforms (TC), these data were compared with the TULSMA environmental regulations. Through the bibliographic review, theoretical removal efficiencies were established, according to the treatment unit. Using the information of the physical space available in the establishment and the population growth, three different treatment options were sized and designed. The effluent characterization showed that the parameters: FC (1.20E+04NMP/100ml), BOD5 (13mg/l), COD (214 mg/l), TSS (1200mg/l) CF, exceeded the regulated permissible limit, which stablishes: FC (1.20E+04NMP/100ml), BOD5 (13mg/l), COD (214 mg/l), TSS (1200mg/l) respectively. Finally, according to the theoretical removal efficiencies and those calculated with CapdetWorks, it was established that the number 3 treatment option (grids, equalization tank, grease trap, coagulation/flocculation and Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket 'UASB') is the adequate, since it occupies an area of 23.03 m2, which is within the usable area in the establishment (34.73 m2), in addition to the fact that BOD5 is the base parameter for the design, this option presented a high BOD5 removal efficiency (94.20% calculated and 86.74% modeled).
Eficiencia de los vermifiltros como tratamiento primario para la remoción de microplásticos en aguas residuales urbanas del cantón Cuenca
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-09-01) Albarracin Zeas, Mateo Andres; Sánchez Cabrera, Camila Fabiola; Guanuchi Quito, Alexandra Elizabeth
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of a vermifiltration system for the reduction of microplastics (MPs) in urban wastewater, considering the Ucubamba Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in the Cuenca canton as the study area. For this purpose, a pilot vermifiltration system implementing the Eisenia fetida species was used, and its performance was compared with a biofilter without worms. Physicochemical parameters of the water were characterized before and after vermifiltration treatment, and microplastics were also identified and quantified by oxidative digestion, vacuum filtration, and microscopic observation. Regarding microplastics, particles belonging to polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyamide, thermoplastic polyester (#7), and chlorinated polyethylene were detected with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) equipment. Therefore, it is evident that the vermifilter achieved a significantly higher removal efficiency than the biofilter, reaching percentages greater than 60% in the reduction of microplastics. Furthermore, in the analysis of the physical and chemical parameters, improvements were observed in the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) parameters, reaching a percentage reduction of up to 72% and in total suspended solids with a reduction of 68%. In the statistical analysis of the physical and chemical parameters, significant differences were evident between the values of the influent and effluent, which supports the effectiveness of the vermifiltration system. Based on the results obtained and the statistical analyses developed, vermifiltration systems are considered to improve the quality of the treated water, thus contributing to minimizing the environmental impacts associated with effluent discharge.
Evaluación de biofiltros para el tratamiento de aguas residuales de una granja pecuaria
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-09-23) Espinoza Gómez, Karen Estefanía; León Sacoto, Hugo José; Jara Torres, Pablo Patricio
The Irquis Farm at the University of Cuenca is highly interested in characterizing its livestock wastewater and providing appropriate treatment to contribute to environmental protection and public health. Therefore, this study analyzed the main physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters of the farm’s wastewater. Additionally, three types of biofilters were designed and tested at the laboratory scale: one made of inert material, another made of coconut fiber, and a third composed of coconut fiber enriched with microorganisms (Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger, which are dominant microorganisms in the livestock wastewater). The filtration systems operated with a flow rate of 27 cm3/min and filtration rates of 5.76 m3/m²d for the inert material biofilter, and 5.13 m3/m²d for the coconut fiber and coconut fiber with microorganisms biofilters. The results showed high values of TSS, turbidity, COD, BOD5, Cu, Cr6+, and total and fecal coliforms, while concentrations of Cd and Pb were not significant. The biofilters significantly reduced color, turbidity, TSS, and Cr6+, and improved dissolved oxygen (except for the coconut fiber with microorganisms biofilter), while maintaining appropriate pH and temperature ranges. However, Cu concentrations did not decrease significantly, remaining outside the limits of Ecuadorian regulations. These results are crucial for developing remediation strategies to improve the quality of livestock wastewater in the Irquis area.
Evaluación de la eficiencia de un vermifiltro como tratamiento secundario, aplicado en una vivienda de la parroquia Baños, para la remoción de amebas de aguas residuales domésticas y su posible uso en la agricultura
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-09-11) Vintimilla Durán, Aida Cristina; Zeas Flores, Lisseth Fernanda; Guanuchi Quito, Alexandra Elizabeth
In this study, a comparative evaluation of the efficiency of three systems for the elimination of contaminants and microorganisms was carried out, with emphasis on the removal of pathogenic amoebae. For this purpose, the performance of a filter without worms, a vermifilter with Eisenia fetida worms and 15 cm of coconut fiber, and another vermifilter with 30 cm of coconut fiber thickness were compared. These systems, installed in a single-family house in the parish of Baños in the city of Cuenca, achieved removals in BOD5 and COD (13.40% - 55.77%), NO3- (18.43% - 40.12%), NH4 + (17.62% - 60.22%), fecal coliforms (29.17% - 31.25%) and amoebae (29.94% - 70.42%), with the vermifilter with 30 cm of coconut fiber being the most efficient. However, parameters such as OD, EC, SDT, PO4 3- and NO2 - increased with respect to the influent. On the other hand, two laboratory-scale activated carbon filters were constructed with 25 cm and then 10 cm of vegetable and mineral carbon, as tertiary treatment. Total coliforms (14.12% - 38.67%), fecal coliforms (13.33% - 20%) and amoebae (47.12% - 62.89%) were removed, with the 10 cm charcoal filter standing out in the removal of amoebae. The persistence of coliforms and amoebae prevents the use of treated water for irrigation of hydroponic crops or any irrigation that involves direct contact with food or animal pastures. Therefore, a more efficient tertiary treatment or disinfection with chlorine is recommended.
Evaluación de la remoción de fármacos por biosorción en aguas residuales
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2020-01-08) Carvajal Arizábala, Johanna Gabriela; Rogel Tinoco, Diego Antonio; Peñafiel Tenorio, María Eulalia
The medicines, used to improve the quality of life of living beings, are eliminated through excretion reaching the wastewater, these don’t have a good removal in the wastewater treatment plants, so that, in their discharge they arrive to aquatic ecosystems causing biocidal effects on microbial and plant populations, this environmental problem appears because most wastewater treatment plants are not designed for efficient removal of these emerging pollutants. This work used biosorption to remove the drugs ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole in treated wastewater (ART), using sugarcane bagasse and corn cob as adsorbent. The parameters of interest were the adsorbent, temperature, concentration of the solution and contact time, in addition to the kinetics and balance of the process. The results show that biomass is capable of removing drugs in treated wastewater but with less efficiency compared to distilled water. It was found that the process has a great dependence on time, reaching a high percentage of removal in the first 10 min. The temperature has little influence on the process, being ambient temperature favorable. The experimental data were adjusted to the kinetic model of Pseudo Second Order and to the equilibrium models of Freundlich and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), which indicates that it’s a non-specific multilayer adsorption on the surface of the adsorbent, indicating that the adsorption process of the two drugs in wastewater on plant waste is favorable.
Evaluación de tratamientos sostenibles de aguas residuales domésticas a escala piloto en sistemas unifamiliares de la parroquia Baños
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2023-06-14) Caraguay Palacios, César Augusto; Plaza León, Pablo Alejandro; García Ávila, Fausto Fernando
The inadequate disposal of domestic wastewater in rural communities represents an important source of contamination of water bodies. Therefore, the objective of this project was to propose sustainable technologies for the treatment of domestic wastewater through experimentation with three pilot treatment systems composed of improved septic tanks and artificial wetlands of horizontal subsurface flow in three houses in the Baños parish, Cuenca canton. In each experimental unit, a different species of ornamental plant was planted, namely: Canna indica, Anthurium andreanum and Zantedeschia aethiopica. To evaluate the purification capacity of domestic wastewater, physicochemical parameters were analyzed through two monitoring campaigns. The samples were taken at the entrance and exit of the septic tank, and exit of the artificial wetland. The results of the experimentation with the three species of ornamental plants indicate that the treatment system planted with Zantedeschia aethiopica presented the highest contaminant removal capacity, with average removal percentages of 89%, 87%, 92%, and 79% for the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS) and nitrates (NO3-) respectively. However, the systems did not adequately remove ammonium and phosphates. In summary, the implementation of treatment systems composed of a septic tank and an artificial wetland with horizontal subsurface flow represents a viable solution for the decentralized management of domestic wastewater
Implementación y evaluación de un vermifiltro piloto empleado como tratamiento único de aguas residuales domésticas en una vivienda de la parroquia Baños, analizando su aplicación como una estrategia de economía circular
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2023-07-24) Parra Quezada, Juan José; Guanuchi Quito, Alexandra Elizabeth; García Ávila, Fausto Fernando
Conventional sanitation is not an ecologically or economically sound option to manage domestic wastewater, especially in rural areas where lack of access to the service has environmental and public health repercussions. Alternative treatment systems have been raised as sustainable sanitation options, where vermifiltration has been classified as one of the best technologies. The objective of this work was the implementation and evaluation of a pilot vermifilter used as the only treatment of domestic wastewater; The quality of the effluent for its use in irrigation and the implementation of this technology as a circular economy strategy were analyzed. A vermifilter was implemented and 14 physicochemical and microbiological parameters were monitored every 5 days for 60 days. Removal efficiencies between 85.7% and 91.6% were obtained for BOD5; 81.1% and 87.1% for COD, 62.80% nitrites, 76.8% nitrates and 76% ammonia and efficiencies greater than 90% turbidity. The Water Quality Index proposed by Dinius indicated that the effluent from vermifiltration is suitable for irrigation in most crops, while the Global Index of Wastewater for irrigation classified the effluent as unsuitable for agricultural use due to the concentration of pathogens. In this way, vermifiltration is emerging as a good alternative treatment option, in accordance with the guidelines of the circular economy thanks to its conception, efficiency and nongeneration of toxic waste.
Optimización del proceso de coagulación-floculación en el tratamiento de agua residual generada en la cuba de decapado en la empresa Galvánica Cía. LTDA. del cantón Cuenca
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022-11-21) Alvarado Pacheco, María Belén; Mayancela Santander, Erika Fernanda; García Ávila, Fausto Fernando
The present work was carried out in the company GALVÁNICA CIA. LTDA., located in the city of Cuenca. The objective of the study was to optimize the coagulation-flocculation process in the treatment of residual water in the capping tank. For which, jar tests were carried out by applying three different coagulants (aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride and polyaluminum chloride) in the wastewater, once the pH was adjusted. The concentration of iron and aluminum in raw water, water with pH adjustment and water treated with the different coagulants was evaluated. The results obtained after the jar tests indicated that the coagulant with the highest percentage of removal was aluminum sulfate, showing a removal of 97.69% and 92.81% of iron and aluminum, respectively. The use of this coagulant is feasible for the company because its cost makes it economically profitable. For the statistical analysis, MANOVA was obtained to verify the relationship between the percentages of removal of metals (iron and aluminum) with respect to the type of coagulant used, concentration and dose of each coagulant and the pH of the wastewater; Through this statistical analysis it was also possible to determine that the best coagulant to use is aluminum sulfate since it gives us better results in iron and aluminum removal. In the statistical results it was possible to show that there is a direct relationship between the percentage of metal removal and the type of coagulant, its concentration and the pH of the water to be used. It will be extended that aluminum sulfate should apply a concentration of 10% for wastewater with a pH of 5.5. In addition, ANOVA was also applied to check if there is any relationship between the three types of coagulants and the removal of iron and aluminum. Based on the application of Tukey-HSD, it was possible to determine that there is no relationship between the coagulants, since each one acts differently in relation to the established parameters.
Remoción de plomo y cadmio presente en aguas residuales mineras mediante biosorción en columnas con bagazo de caña y cáscara de cacao
(2016) Bermejo Campos, Daniel Francisco; Uguña Rosas, María Fernanda
In the province of the Oro sector of Portovelo, are located some artisanal mining companies whose residues, product of the extraction, pollute the waters of the rivers and through analysis it has been encountered that lead and cadmium are outside the norm TULSMA. In this work a study was performed on fixed bed columns using as biosorbents cocoa shell and sugar cane bagasse for which were prepared synthetic solutions with similar characteristics encountered in the wastewater of the mines. To describe the behavior in columns in the process of adsorption of the lead ions and cadmium ions were used different mathematical models as Yoon-Nelson, Thomas and dose-response. Through the modeling of the process was demonstrated that the studied parameters theoretically approach to them experimental. The model of Yoon and Nelson and dose-response reproduced satisfactorily the curve of rupture in function of time, furthermore the model of dose - response is the one that has a best adjustment for the simulation of the curve of rupture in function of the volume of treated effluent.
Sistema combinado de humedales de flujo vertical-horizontal para el tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas en zonas rurales
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2021-05-05) Toral Argudo, Pablo Andree; García Ávila, Fausto Fernando
The household wastewater treatment in rural area reveals some boundaries, for this reason effluents with various pollutant compounds are released to water bodies or to the environment without an acceptable treatment, it could generate negative conditions to public health and the ecosystem. This study is focused in the design of a combined system of vertical-horizontal flow constructed wetlands by the treatment of wastewater in the community of Churuguzo, parroquia Tarqui, canton Cuenca. For this reason, was necessary acquire bibliographical and technical data from ETAPA and other sources about the main design parameters and operational conditions, so the characteristics of the study area and the main variables that are used in this kind of wastewater treatment systems were determined, having to consider that currently there are two horizontal wetlands working in parallel. The main results indicated that to reach 50 mg/l in the effluent, being it the limit stablished in the Ecuadorian regulations; is necessary to operate with a maximum flow of 1.81 l/s equivalent at an hydraulic loading rate of 0.389 m3 /m2 .d, also was calculated an hydraulic retention time of 0.669 y 0.626 d-1 m3/m2.d and an organic loading rate of 0.096 y 0.056 KgDBO5/m2 .d for HSSFV and HSSFH respectively, in the other hand with the supplies inventory data by the redesign and through an economic analysis was determined that the new system is feasible because an annual saving of $3341.36 with a design period until 2026 can be reached, to finalize blueprints were done which are useful to get a better vision about the proposed new design.

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