Ingeniería Ambiental

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Desempeño de floculadores tubulares usando policloruro de aluminio como coagulante en la potabilización del agua
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022-11-01) Bustamante Peralta, Jorge Sebastián; Gómez García, Natasha Estefanía; García Ávila, Fausto Fernando
The chemical processes of coagulation and flocculation are the most important processes in water treatment since, thanks to the addition of coagulants and flocculants, they cause certain colloidal substances present in raw water to agglutinate, facilitating subsequent processes for purification. It is for this reason that this study aimed to evaluate the performance of a horizontal flow tubular flocculator (FTFH) and a vertical flow tubular flocculator (FTFV) using Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) as a coagulant and cationic polyelectrolyte as flocculant, to remove turbidity and color and then compare the results with those of a conventional plant. For whic, experimental tests were carried out in two pilot flocculators made of PVC tubes with diameters of 75 mm and 110 mm for the FTFH and diameters of 63 mm and 110 mm for the FTFV, using different turbidities of raw water (15 , 50 , 100 and 1000 NTU), flow rates of 0.5, 1 and 2 L/s, as well as pipe lengths of 90, 97.6 and 187.6 m for the FTFH, and 90, 80 and 170 m for the FTFV. To determine the efficiency of turbidity and color removal, raw water, settled water and filtered water samples were taken, both from the pilot system and from the conventional system of the Bayas Potable Water Treatment Plant (PTAP-B). In turn, the efficiency of the PAC coagulant and aluminum sulfate was compared, in the latter the results of two previous studies were taken. Additionally, hydraulic parameters such as velocity gradients and retention time were determined using tracers. Finally, the results of this study showed that the efficiency at the filter outlet of the pilot system, with prior use of the FTFH, was 95.8 % for turbidity and 97.2 % for color; with the FTFV it was 98.48% and 99.4% for turbidity and color, respectively; while the PTAP - B was 98.78 % for turbidity and 99 % for color. Demonstrating in this way that both systems were efficient and complied with INEN 1108 regulations. It was also shown that there was a better performance of the process when substituting the aluminum sulfate coagulant for PAC.
Determinación de la tendencia corrosiva e incrustante del agua potable distribuida en la ciudad de Azogues
(2017) Pauta Novillo, Alex Damián; Quezada Sisalima, Diego Armando; García Ávila, Fausto Fernando
Corrosion control in drinking water distribution networks is an important aspect and the effects of corrosion may not be evident. Without a monitoring record there are significant issues in relation to public health and economic aspects. There are water quality parameters that are related to the chemical stability of water, such as: pH, temperature, Total Dissolved Solids (SDT), alkalinity, calcium hardness, sulfates and chloride in mg / l. These parameters were used to determine the corrosive tendency or fouling of drinking water in the potable water supply network in the city of Azogues. The Langelier Saturation Index (IL), Ryznar Stability Index (IR) and Larson-Skold Index (ILS) were calculated using the above parameters in order to evaluate the chemical stability of the potable water samples that were taken during six month samplings. The experimental results reduced during the six months (from July to December), of the three incidents of chemical stability indicated: according to the Index of Langelier there is strong corrosion; Ryznar index indicates very severe corrosion. While according to the Larson-Skold Index there is significant corrosion, the parameters that significantly affect the indexes are for: Langelier index, pH and hardness as Calcium in mg / l, for Ryznar Index, pH, and hardness as calcium in mg / l, and for the Index Of Larson-Skold we have sulfates; The present study demonstrated the application of water stability indexes, classifying it as corrosive.
Efecto del cloro en las tuberías domiciliarias de cobre expuestas al agua potable
(2018) Bonifaz Barba, Gabriel Alejandro; García Ávila, Fausto Fernando
Drinking water distribution networks have copper pipes commonly used in the branches of the main network to the users homes (home connections). When it are exposed to the aggressive characteristics of the water they transport; the water tend to cause wear due to the corrosive processes that originate inside the pipes. The objective of this work was to establish a relationship between the variation of the corrosion rate that occurs inside the copper pipes with the concentration of residual chlorine present in the drinking water of the distribution network. Copper corrosion coupons were installed in three locations with different concentrations of residual chlorine. In this way, the weight loss of each coupon was evaluated to establish corrosion rates in different periods of exposure. By linear regression it was observed that as the concentration of chlorine in the water increases, the variation of the corrosion rate and the release of dissolved copper from the coupons increases. Thus, equations of the corrosion rate for different periods of exposure were obtained, this allowed to evaluate the corrosive process that occurs in a distribution network knowing the concentration of residual chlorine present in the drinking water distribution. Also, was determined the areas most prone to failures in the piping systems of the residential connections, as well as their useful life.
Estudio ambiental expost de la Planta de Tratamiento de Agua Potable del Cebollar
(2015) Plaza Quintuña, Juan Andrés; Peñafiel Tenorio, María Eulalia
This thesis project has been developed in order to identify all direct and indirect environmental impacts produced by Cebollar´s Water Treatment Plant providing a qualitative and quantitative assessment of each of the impacts identified to give adequate measures to allow minimization thereof. To accomplish this purpose, an Environmental Impact Study was conducted; the study complies with the Ecuadorian standards and it has the endorsement of the Ministry of Environment as a tool to meet the following objectives. Chapter I provide an overview of the plant, the identification of areas which the plant exerts some influence and legal support with which account the study. Chapter II contain information on the baseline, it describes all environmental, social, cultural and economic components that make up the area for the study influence. In Chapter III, a description of the facilities and infrastructure that makes up the plant and each process is performed in the same and its staff is also described is performed. It also includes all matters relating to the management of the plant production level and at the level of waste generated, it includes an analysis of the way they perform all these actions and compliance with the relevant regulations. Chapter IV describes the actions that impact besides the affected environmental elements to their respective valuation using the method “Conesa Fernández – Vítora.” Chapter V, measures to minimize environmental impacts caused by the plant are described.
Evaluación de la dosificación de policloruro de aluminio sobre el rendimiento de la coagulación – floculación en la planta potabilizadora de la Junta Administradora de Agua Potable Regional Bayas
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022-08-12) Patiño Ullauri, Mateo Roberto; Vallejo Chuchuca, Bryan Alexander; García Ávila, Fausto Fernando
The present work was carried out at the Bayas Regional Drinking Water Board (JAAPRB) drinking water treatment plant, the study was aimed towards at evaluating the dosage of aluminum polychloride (PAC) on the coagulation-flocculation performance, for which jar tests were conducted with the use of this coagulant in conjunction with cationic polymer (PC) during the months of August and September 2021 and February and March 2022, covering a wide range of raw water turbidity. With the results obtained in the jug tests, the PAC dosage curve was elaborated based on three analyzed criteria, which corresponded to the analysis of the complete range of turbidity recorded, range less than 500 NTU and range greater than 500 NTU, and the optimum PC dosage was also determined. For the evaluation of the coagulation-flocculation process, a mathematical model was determined to describe the turbidity of the water after the sedimentation process as a function of the parameters turbidity, pH and temperature of the raw water entering the treatment process, by applying the response surface methodology (RSM). The results obtained indicated that the average percentage of turbidity removal of the raw water in the development of the jug tests was 93.73% in a turbidity range of 6.23 to 6030 NTU. In addition, it was found that there is an annual economic benefit to the JAAPRB of approximately $872.10 associated with the reduction in the purchase of the PAC chemical for the potabilization of raw water. Similarly, the dosage curve allows operators to establish the optimal PAC dosage for a specific turbidity value, which ensures and improves the water purification system, as well as allows compliance with the requirements established in the INEN 1108 water quality standard.
Evaluación de la factibilidad de cosechar agua lluvia en la ciudad de Cuenca, como método de gestión ambiental para ahorrar agua potable
(2019-06-27) Peña Cardoso, David Santiago; Célleri Alvear, Rolando Enrique
Cuenca is characterized by having a good system of drinking water supply. The geography of the area and the good management practices of the water utility allow the service to be affordable and easily accessible. However, the drinking water supply is threatened by the high demand per capita; therefore, it has been estimated that a shortage of this resource will happen by the year 2050. Therefore, it is necessary to propose alternatives that allow the optimization of the resource. In this way, this research evaluates rainwater storage or harvesting system, on the roofs of houses in the city of Cuenca through daily analysis of rainwater storage, based on: rainfall in the city; the catchment area, run-off losses, the effectiveness of the system, the demand for rainwater in the home, and the size of the storage tank. The evaluation of the rainwater harvesting system was based on different indices that make it easier for the user to make decisions according to their requirements and circumstances. Different scenarios of catchment and use of rainwater were generated, considering the realities of households. Results show that rainwater harvesting can reduce the consumption of potable water up to an 18.45 %, in those activities that do not require the use of it, such as flushing in toilets and cleaning the home, in addition to the associated financial savings. Additionally, the rainwater harvesting is presented as an environmental management strategy, because this activity would prolong the life time that the hydrological sources of the city are able to supply the inhabitants.
Evaluación de una tecnología sostenible para potabilización del agua en comunidades rurales: experimentación en un floculador tubular vertical
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2021-11-05) Tenesaca Pintado, Darwin Adrián; Novoa Zamora, Carlos Francisco; García Ávila, Fausto Fernando
The supply of drinking water is unequal and there are marked differences between urban and rural areas. Urban areas are generally supplied with quality portable water, as they have conventional and advanced treatment plants. In rural areas they face technological, financial and operational constraints and generally have poor quality water. The objective of this project was to evaluate the efficiency of a vertical tubular flocculator (VTF) to be used as part of the process of water purification in rural communities. The pilot VTF was implemented at the Bayas Water Board (JAAP-Ba), Azogues. The VTF was designed and constructed to have flow conditions analogous to those of the conventional hydraulic vertical flow screens; PVC pipe, elbows, and tees were used In the experimental tests, two lengths of pipe were tested, 58m and 80 m, which allowed us to determine the most efficient retention times and to work with different flow rates and turbidity. To evaluate the efficiency of the VTF, the removal of turbidity and color was determined. In addition, a high rate rectangular settler was implemented, including sedimentation tubes inside for better sedimentation. The medians of the sedimentation rate of the VTF were determined in the same way as for the VTF. The median maximum turbidity and color removal efficiency in the VTF-settler at 50 and 80 m were 83.33±13.25% and 81.47±14.30% at 0.25 l/s respectively. While the median turbidity removal efficiencies of the VTF-filter were found in all cases to be above 99%, in parallel, the medium color removal efficiencies in all scenarios were 100%. On the other hand, the medians turbidity removal efficiencies were lower in the VTF than in the Bayas treatment plant (PTAP-Ba), with regards to color removal, something similar occurs in the filters, the turbidity and color removal efficiencies are close to those of the PTAP-Ba; since the turbidity and color removal efficiencies were over 99% and color at 100%. The VTF presented a cost of $ 2266.34 due to the fact that it is made up of U/Z components, such as PVC pipes, elbows, tees and valves, demonstrating not only by efficiency, but also the cost of the VTF be feasible for implementation as a treatment alternative in rural areas.
Evaluación del riesgo para la salud asociado con el aluminio residual del agua potable distribuida en una zona periurbana del cantón Azogues
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022-11-21) Alvarez Altamirano, Luis Miguel; Encalada Alvear, Tatiana Isabel; García Ávila, Fausto Fernando
The present graduation work was developed in the distribution network of the treatment plant managed by the Junta de Agua Potable Regional Bayas. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the health risk associated with residual aluminum in drinkingwater by analyzing physical-chemical parameters during the dry and rainy season. The research was analytical, and the association between the exposure to aluminum and health risk was evaluated. The variables were described and analyzed through the implementation of a cross-sectional method. Samples of raw and treated water were taken atthe treatment plant and at different areas. The parameters measured were: aluminum concentration, pH, temperature, turbidity, color, conductivity, and total dissolved solids. From the results it was obtained that in general the parameters complied with the permissible limits of the NTE INEN 1108:2020 regulation, which includes aluminum amongits chemical parameters. The average residual aluminum concentrations in the dry stage were 0.028 mg/L and 0.019 mg/L in the rainy stage. Those values were well below the standard limit of 0.25 mg/L, being slightly higher during the dry period. The calculation of the hazardindex (HI) showed that the population, both children and adults who consume the drinking water provided by the Junta de Bayas, did not present a health risk due to the intake of aluminum because the HI value was lower to 1 in both study stages during a 6- month exposure. Statistical analysis showed that the season influences the amount of residual aluminum due to the influence of other parameters. Nevertheless, no incidence of the climaticstage was found in the possible health risk.
Evaluación técnica y operativa de la planta de tratamiento de agua potable “La Loma” del cantón Nabón, provincia del Azuay
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2023-04-17) Guamán Guamán, Willman Xavier; Roman Sarmiento, Christian Mateo; Guanuchi Quito, Alexandra Elizabeth
The evaluation was executed through five stages; In the first stage, a database was prepared with information provided by the Nabón administration office. In the second stage, a monitoring of the flow and the quality of the water in the PTAP was carried out, in addition, the behavior of residual chlorine was monitored through the distribution network. In the third stage, the historical data and data collected in the field were analyzed, to then study the behavior of the variables over time. Each of these parameters were compared with the INEN 1108 standard. During the fourth stage, the operation of the treatment units was evaluated. Finally, in the fifth stage, it was confirmed whether the design of the PTAP was executed in accordance with the provisions of the CPE INEN 005-9-1 standard. In addition, during each stage, the activities performed by the operators with respect to the management of the plant were identified. The results of this work showed that most of the time, the analyzed water quality parameters comply with the INEN 1108 standard, while the concentration of residual chlorine in the distribution network is affected as the distance to the plant increases. The treatment units appear to be not very efficient in the removal of certain parameters since during the monitoring, their concentration increased. Through the projection of the study population to 20 years and the hydraulic determination of the PTAP, it was verified that it is necessary to repower it and capture an additional flow of around 6.5 L/s to cover the supply of drinking water to the entire population of the study area and counteract the current deficiency that occurs in dry seasons. On the other hand, the need to carry out a complete maintenance of the plant structures and personnel training was evidenced, due to the shortcomings currently found.
Filtración sostenible para la provisión de agua potable en comunidades rurales en desarrollo utilizando biochar generado localmente
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022-03-07) Galarza Guamán, Andrés Geovanny; Barros Bermeo, Mónica Estefanía; García Ávila, Fausto Fernando
The availability of a drinking water treatment system in developing rural communities is limited or the existing water treatment plant is inefficient, which does not guarantee the quality and safety of the resource for human consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to implement an accessible and highly efficient system that has sustainable solutions. The implementation of biochar as a filter bed in this type of systems is little researched, but due to its large use in sewage treatment and chemical pollutants removal and its ease of production, this research aimed to evaluate the efficiency of biochar as a filter media for drinking water treatment for developing communities. The study includes the production of biochar using as residual biomass: eucalyptus (E), bamboo (B) and banana stem (R), through two slow pyrolysis process denominated “a” and “b”, which differ from each other by their temperature and pyrolysis time, with average values around 300 °C and 60 minutes and 400 °C and 107 minutes, respectively. The efficiency of these materials in the filtration process with several types of water (raw, flocculated, and settled) at a rate of 120 m3 /m2 /d, was evaluated, finding that biochar derived from bamboo and manufactured under process “b” (Bb) was the best material filter. Then, under the same operating conditions, Bb was assessed in three different granulometry, determining that the finest effective size (0.65 mm) was the best in the filtration process. Subsequently, this biochar was compared with conventional filter materials such as gravel, sand and anthracite, with several types of water (raw, flocculated and settled) and at different filtration rates (120 and 240 m3 /m2 /d), for the removal of physical parameters (turbidity and color). Thus, it was found that the best filtration media was precisely biochar, with average turbidity and color removal efficiencies, respectively, of 64.37 and 45.08 % for raw water, 93.9 and 90.75 % for flocculated water, and 80.79 and 69.03 %, for settled water. Similarly, the removal of chemical and biological parameters was assessed at a rate of 180 m3 /m2 /d, obtaining the following efficiencies for biochar: copper 75.9 %, aluminum 90.72 %, iron 95.7 %, nitrates 10.9 %, total coliforms 94.3 % and fecal coliforms 88.9 %. Consequently, it was determined that the efficiencies achieved by biochar to remove these metals and total coliforms were the highest among the compared filter beds. Additionally, it was possible to demonstrate that the volume of washing water required by the biochar is lower than that of the other beds. Finally, the efficiencies of turbidity and color removal for mixed beds were assessed (combining various materials), finding that for the treatment of flocculated and settled water, biochar contributes to improving the performance of sand and anthracite in the filtration process. Also, it helps to reduce the volume of water required by these beds during the washing process. The results point to locally produced biochar as a viable option for the provision of drinking water in developing rural communities and an alternative to take into consideration for the achievement of the sixth Sustainable Development Goal by 2030: universal access to water, sanitation, and hygiene
Floculación tubular horizontal como una tecnología potencial sostenible para la provisión de agua potable en comunidades en desarrollo
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2021-08-12) Mendez Heredia, Angel Olmedo; Trelles Agurto, Alex Fabricio; García Ávila, Fausto Fernando
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the vital importance of sanitation, hygiene and adequate access to clean water to prevent and contain diseases. The quality of surface water used for drinking water has been affected by different land uses, such as livestock grazing, agriculture, and human activity. This deterioration in the quality of raw water has increased the content of suspended particles and colloidal material, increasing color and turbidity. This problem has greatly affected communities and Drinking Water Management Boards located in rural zones and peri-urban areas that do not have adequate technology for efficient purification. Horizontal Tubular Flocculation (HTF) is presented as an alternative technology to replace conventional flocculators, allowing high efficiency in the subsequent sedimentation and filtration processes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a HTF as a potential sustainable technology for the provision of drinking water in developing communities and to compare it with a conventional flocculator. For this purpose, the pilot HTF was designed based on the parameters of a conventional horizontal flow hydraulic flocculator. For the implementation of the HTF, a four-inch diameter PVC pipe was required, in addition to a high rate settler and a sand filter, thus structuring a pilot treatment system. The experimental tests were carried out using lengths of 68.4 m and 97.6 m for the HTF, these lengths were combined with flow rates of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 and 2 l/s, as well as raw water turbidity of 10, 20, 50, 50, 100 and 200 NTU, giving a total of 50 tests, all tests were conducted in duplicate from January to December 2020. Turbidity and color were used as the main parameters to determine the efficiency of the HTF, for which it was necessary to take water samples in the settling tank and filter of the pilot system and the conventional system. In addition, hydraulic characteristics such as retention time and velocity gradient were evaluated. The results determined that the removal efficiency (RE) in the pilot system with HTF was 98.77 % for turbidity and 99.92 % for color at the filter outlet, while in the "Bayas" DWTP the RE was 98.78 % for turbidity and 100 % for color. In both systems, the parameters complied with the standards for drinking water distribution according to INEN 1108.
Impacto de la precipitación pluvial en la turbidez del agua superficial usada para la potabilización en el cantón Azogues durante los años 2014 – 2020
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022-07-26) Picón Mosquera, María Paula; Vázquez Flores, Pedro Andrés; García Ávila, Fausto Fernando
Significant natural precipitation events cause an increase in the turbidity of raw water used for drinking water treatment, triggering problems such as increased use of chemicals and difficulty in plant treatment capacity that ultimately affect the quality of treated water. The objective of this thesis was to analyze the impact of rainfall on the turbidity of the raw water entering the Mahuarcay Drinking Water Treatment Plant (PTAP-M) in the city of Azogues. The study included several stages; in the first stage, we worked with the historical data of precipitation, turbidity and amount of coagulant used for the period January 2014 - May 2020, data provided by the plant's management company, EMAPAL-EP; subsequently, we evaluated the representativeness of the data and its probability distribution. In the second stage, an analysis was made of the relationship between the turbidity of the raw water entering the PTAP-M and the rainfall measured directly from the meteorological stations near the raw water catchments. The relationship between these two variables was determined based on linear regression, artificial neural networks (ANN) and response surface methodology; 80% of the total available data was used for model calibration and the remaining 20% for validation. The mathematical models obtained predict unsatisfactorily the turbidity value of the raw water knowing the precipitation data. In the third and final stage, the chemical treatment effort in the PTAP-M was evaluated, for which a mathematical model was developed to describe the relationship between the chemical treatment effort (amount of coagulant), raw water quality (turbidity level) and rainfall; the modeling was carried out using multiple regression analysis methodologies, artificial neural networks (ANN) and response surface methodology. Finally, the results of this work showed that it was not possible to obtain models that are capable of optimally representing the real behavior, i.e., it was evident that the calculated models do not present the best results. Therefore, they do not allow to effectively predicting the turbidity value of the raw water entering the PTAP-M after a precipitation event; likewise, it is not possible to estimate with greater certainty the amount of coagulant to be used in the process
Modelamiento hidráulico y de la calidad del agua en un sistema de suministro de agua potable en una zona rural del cantón Azogues
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2021-12-21) Priori Dávila, Juan José; Acurio Vargas, Holguer Emmanuel; García Ávila, Fausto Fernando
Currently, water distribution networks must maintain residual chlorine concentrations greater than 0.5 mg / L as recommended by García et al. (2020) in times of a SARSCoV-2 pandemic. However, in rural areas the lack of technological tools are a limiting factor when understanding the processes of water distribution and residual chlorine decay, making it necessary to develop a hydraulic and quality model. The objective of this investigation was to develop a hydraulic model and a water quality model for free chlorine prediction in the drinking water distribution system operated by the Bayas drinking water administration, Epanet had been used to simulate and evaluate the hydraulic behavior and the evolution of free chlorine over time. The hydraulic model was developed from the information collected in 2018, added to the updates made in the period of time to date in the Epanet 2.0 software, the model in question was calibrated and validated in order to obtain close values to those found in the supply network. From the resulting hydraulic model, a residual chlorine decay model was elaborated based on the calculation of the constant reaction of chlorine with water (kb), determined by the “bottle test”, the reaction constant with the wall of the tube (kw) entered in the program was taken from a similar investigation carried out in the urban area of Azogues. The results of the hydraulic model highlighted the existence of higher pressures than those stipulated in the Ecuadorian regulations, as well as oversized diameters in some sections of the pipe network. On the other hand, the quality model gives off close simulated values to reality. In addition, the calculation of an optimal concentration of residual chlorine in the distribution tank has reached, which satisfies the limits already mentioned in times of a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Finally, the results of this work demonstrated that the mathematical models could reproduce the behavior of a water supply network, additionally it is possible to implement a hydraulic and quality model in a rural area

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