Browsing by Author "Villena Ochoa, Paulina Germania"

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La agroecología, un proceso de transición hacia el desarrollo sostenible
(2012) Montaño Espinoza, Gilberth; Villena Ochoa, Paulina Germania
Caracterización morfológica de poblaciones naturales de Macleania rupestris Kunth A.C. Smith (joyapa) en las provincias Azuay y Cañar
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2023-10-20) Japa Anguisaca, Alexandra Estefanía; Valverde Nugra, Alfredo Geovanny; Villena Ochoa, Paulina Germania
Macleania rupestris, known as joyapa, is an Ericaceae with nutritional, ecological and environmental properties. In Ecuador, it has been little studied, which is why we proposed this work as a contribution to the knowledge of this species through the morphological characterization of natural populations of Macleania rupestris Kunth A.C. Smith (joyapa) in the Azuay and Cañar provinces, this study made it possible to identify distribution areas of the species and assess its variability, becoming valuable information as a basis for future production programs, as well as for plant breeding programs. For the study, 4 representative populations were chosen in the provinces of Azuay and Cañar, in each locality 50 plants were randomly selected to be described morphologically with a total of 26 morphological descriptors between qualitative and quantitative. To analyze the variability, the Levene and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used and, according to the type of data obtained, the Kruskal-Wallis test or an ANOVA was applied. The data obtained in terms of qualitative variables did not present differences; However, in the quantitative variables, statistically significant differences were evident with respect to the leaf such as: petiole, width and length. In Cañar, the town of Luis Cordero presented the largest fruits and in Azuay, the town of Nabón stood out in this province with respect to fruit as well, these being superior even to those of Luis Cordero in Cañar. The differences in localities could be affected by factors such as: amount of organic matter, altitude, pH, EC, soil type and depth. These results may facilitate decision-making regarding their conservation, their possible sustainable use and include them in agro-ecological development models that benefit communities.
Desarrollo de protocormos de cattleya máxima en tres fases de crecimiento utilizando los medios Cosper y Murashige y Skoog, modificados
(2002) Villena Ochoa, Paulina Germania; Lala Q., María Esperanza
Detección por medio de la técnica RT-PCR de los virus CymMV y ORSV en el cultivo de orquídeas
(2013) Villena Ochoa, Paulina Germania
Cymbidium mosaic potexvirus (CymMV) and Odontoglossum ringspot tobamovirus (ORSV) are the most prevalent pathogens affecting worldwide the cultivation of orchids, causing incalculable losses in revenue. They reduce growth vigor and quality, and what is most problematic they are not curable once infected. A diagnostic method, based on the chain reaction reverse transcription polymerase (RT- PCR), was developed to detect both viruses. The method consists of the extraction of nucleic acids of infected plants and applying the RT-PCT method, similar to the ELISA (enzyme linked immuno- sorbent assay) virus indexing technique. Leave, flower and bulb samples of different species of in vitro reproduced healthy and affected Cattleya orchids were analyzed in the molecular biotechnology laboratory of Concept Blue Corporation in Guayaquil, Ecuador. The comparative analysis revealed that RT-PCR is more effective in the detection of CymMV and ORSV viruses than the ELISA technique. Furthermore the study revealed that CymMV was preferentially detected in leaves, flowers and small bulbs, while the ORSV virus was only detected in leaves and bulbs. The latter permitted to describe the symptoms associated to each type of infection and the propagation of virus-free plants applying the meristem-tip culture.
Detección por medio de la técnica RT-PCR de los virus CymMV y ORSV en el cultivo de orquídeas
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2013-06) Villena Ochoa, Paulina Germania; Universidad de Cuenca; DIUC; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca
Cymbidium mosaic potexvirus (CymMV) and Odontoglossum ringspot tobamovirus (ORSV) are the most prevalent pathogens affecting worldwide the cultivation of orchids, causing incalculable losses in revenue. They reduce growth vigor and quality, and what is most problematic they are not curable once infected. A diagnostic method, based on the chain reaction reverse transcription polymerase (RT-PCR), was developed to detect both viruses. The method consists of the extraction of nucleic acids of infected plants and applying the RT-PCT method, similar to the ELISA (enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay) virus indexing technique. Leave, flower and bulb samples of different species of in vitro reproduced healthy and affected Cattleya orchids were analyzed in the molecular biotechnology laboratory of Concept Blue Corporation in Guayaquil, Ecuador. The comparative analysis revealed that RT-PCR is more effective in the detection of CymMV and ORSV viruses than the ELISA technique. Furthermore the study revealed that CymMV was preferentially detected in leaves, flowers and small bulbs, while the ORSV virus was only detected in leaves and bulbs. The latter permitted to describe the symptoms associated to each type of infection and the propagation of virus-free plants applying the meristem-tip culture.
Diversidad genética de accesiones de la familia Caricaceae en el sur de Ecuador
(2017) Peña Tapia, Denisse Fabiola; Villena Ochoa, Paulina Germania; Aguirre de juana , Angel Javier; Jimenez Merino, Carlos Alberto
The genetic diversity of 78 accessions of the Caricaceae family collected in the provinces of Azuay, Cañar, Loja, El Oro and Zamora Chinchipe, south of Ecuador, was studied, including the species Vasconcellea candicans, V.goudotiana, V. longiflora, V. microcarpa, V. monoica, V. omnilingua, V. palandensis, V. stipulata, V. parviflora, V.sp., V. x heilborne, V. x heilbornec, V. pentagona, V. x heilborne cv chrysopetala, Carica papaya, Jaracatia digitata y J. spinosa by DNA amplifications using 14 aleatory primers from AA, AC, AM and AN series of Operon Technologies Inc. The used RAPD primers produced 76 polymorphic fragments with sizes between 368 and 2102 base pairs (bp). The cluster and principal coordinate analysis grouped the accessions of each kind among them and the results were consistent with previous studies. The dendrogram separated clearly the three genera, however, based on these results, studies and morphological observations, the creation of a new genera that groups the Vasconcellea candicans accessions is suggested.Furthermore, the authors support the hypothesis of designating the materials collected in the Molleturo zone as a new taxón of the genera Vasconcellea. As in other studies, the results suggest possible events of interspecific hybridization within Vasconcellea genus
Eficacia de extracto etanólico de eucalipto (Eucaliptus globulus) en el control de alternaria sp. en cultivos de col y patata
(2014) Cazar Ramírez, María Elena; Caldas Molina, Claudia Adriana; Larriva Wilson, Giovanny; Espinoza Vasquez, Virgilio Ernesto; Parra Alvarracin, Juan Miguel; Villena Ochoa, Paulina Germania
The inhibitory effect of ethanolic extracts against Alternaria sp.in greenhouse cabbage cultivation (Oleracea brassica) and in-situ potato growing (Solanum tuberosum) was tested. Ethanolic extracts were prepared from Eucalyptus leaves (Eucalyptus globulus) with a Soxhlet extractor. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of considerable amounts of quinones, lactones and coumaranes, and small amounts of triterpenes and steroids. The experimental layout in the greenhouse cabbage cultivation consisted of three ethanol levels, one classical chemical treatment (Trizimand) and one control, ten cabbages per treatment, three repetitions, arranged in a randomized complete block design. The effect of three concentration levels of ethanol, one time sprayed on the leaves of the potato crop, was tested. The treatment plots, including a control plot, were randomized, each block 4 times repeated. In the greenhouse trial, the treatments with the effective dose increased by 50 and 25% displayed a comparable activity with the chemical treatment. Those treatments showed anincreased effectiveness, compared with the effective dose at lab conditions. In the potato field essay, based on the incidence of pustules measured in the period of 65 to 85 days after planting, all treatments had an equal effect. It is believed that the observed overall minor and equal impact of the ethanol treatments on the potato crop is due to the high plot-to-plot variability and the more than normal wet conditions during the growing season
Estudio de la germinación y desarrollo inicial de tres especies forestales nativas del Bosque Protector Yanuncay - Irquis
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2020-09-24) Piña Ramírez, Elsa Gabriela; Sarmiento Vanegas, Denis Sebastián; Villena Ochoa, Paulina Germania
To study the germination and initial development of three native forest species (Clusia sp., Podocarpus sprucei and Viburnum triphyllum) from the Protector Yanuncay - Irquis forest, viability and imbibition tests (physical characterization) were applied, also the size of the seeds and of the embryos were quantified, the latter were classified according to their type and position (morphological characterization). Subsequently, the seeds were subjected to physical pregermination treatments (cold stratification, hot stratification) and chemical treatments (soaking in hormonal solution, acid scarification) at different immersion times. There was a significant difference (Kruskal Wallis) in the germination percentage of the three species; P. sprucei presented significant results in acid scarification for 3 minutes (62%) and cold stratification for 21 days (60%); Clusia sp., Obtained significant results so much in acid scarification during 5 and 10 minute immersion (83% and 84%), as in hot stratification at 30 ° C (89%); V. triphyllum presented significant results in the hot stratification at 30ºC (80%) and 40 ° C (82%). The seedlings obtained were monitored for two months (initial development) under greenhouse conditions (average temperature = 17°C, relative humidity = 79.86%, 12 hours light and 12 hours dark). Nonparametric tests (Kruskal Wallis) and post hoc tests (Nemenyi) were applied to identify significant differences in the variables: height, number of leaves, and seedling survival. Clusia sp., Obtained significant differences in the seeds exposed to acid scarification for 5 minutes both in height (5,7cm), number of leaves (5) and survival (100%); V. triphyllum obtained significant differences in survival; P. sprucei did not show significant differences in any of the variables studied.
Estudio etnobotánico de joyapa (Macleania rupestris) en las provincias de Azuay y Cañar
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2023-07-13) Pesántez Guzhñay, Carla Aracely; Vizhñay Bravo, Alejandra Carolina; Villena Ochoa, Paulina Germania
This ethnobotanical study was carried out with the aim of gathering information on the current state of local knowledge about the use and advantage of Macleania rupestris known as ¨Joyapa¨, currently, this plant is found in the wild, in the Ecuadorian Highlands; It is used as a renovating plant in burnt areas, it is also used as a medicinal plant and it serves as food for both human being and some animal species, its flowers provide a source of nectar supply used by birds, such as hummingbird and its fruits are a delight or Andean bears. M. rupestris ethnobotanical information was collected through interviews in which it was possible to know the perceptions of 4 localities inhabitants of Azuay and Cañar provinces as well as students and teachers of gastronomic centers, 218 interviews were applied in total that allowed to obtain descriptive results of the importance of this specie for the feeding and conservation of the environment and conversely the needing of developing productive systems in this species for the provision of fruits, since in gastronomic centers there is interest about using it to create new dishes and take advantage of its nutritional benefits in the development of functional food that add value to food, since the ¨joyapa¨ is known for its antioxidants high content.
Evaluación agronómica y adaptación de 12 híbridos comerciales y 4 híbridos experimentales de maíz (Zea mays L.) en 3 localidades, en las provincias de Loja y Santa Elena
(2014) Armijos Mendoza, Eugenia; Ruilova Narváez, Favio Leonardo; Villena Ochoa, Paulina Germania
The hard corn is one of the most important agricultural products of the national economy, due to its high social impact, as well as constituting the main feedstock for the manufacture of foodstuffs for human and animal industry. (Solagro. 2006). This research work was developed in Loja Province, in Zapotillo and Pindal Cantons, in Garza real and Pindal Parishes and in Santa Elena Province, in Santa Elena Canton. This work was supported by local farmers and The National Autonomous Agricultural Research Institute (INIAP), in the Experimental Austral Station of Corn Program. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance and the adaptation of twelve commercial hybrids of corn (Zea mays L.) and four experimental hybrids in Zapotillo, Pindal, and Santa Elena Canton. Treatments were arranged in a design of completely randomized blocks (DCRB) with 16 treatments with three replicates, giving a total of 48 plots, located in the three localities. Among the evaluated areas, Zapotillo and Santa Elena localities are best for hard corn production. It is recommendable to plant the lNlAP H-602, Triunfo, Dekalb 70-88, for the towns of Zapotillo, Pinal, and Santa Elena respectively, for its good performance and adaption at each location.
Evaluación de los sistemas de cultivo semisólido y BIT en la multiplicación in vitro de Juglans neotrópica
(2017) Rocano Curillo, Melida Noemi; Villena Ochoa, Paulina Germania; Peña Tapia, Denisse Fabiola
The purpose of this study was to evaluate two culture systems; semisolid and temporary immersion in bioreactors (BIT); for the micropropagation of Juglans neotropica;using zygotic embryos Additionally; in the BIT culture system also the effect of the frequency of immersion and forced aeration on the micropropagation was examined The culture growth of the shoots was measured by the following characteristics number and size of the shoots; number of leaves; and the wet and dry weight No statistical differences were detected In general; the BIT immersion system produced an equivalent number of plants of similar characteristics as the embryos propagated in the traditional semisolid medium method However; BITs produced more shoots; forced ventilation resulted in less hyperhydric shoots and the BIT system was considerable cheaper; resulting in an average production cost of $0.21 per plant versus $0.40 in the semisolid propagation method.
Evaluación del efecto de dos hormonas en el enraizamiento de esquejes de cuatro especies del género Passiflora presentes en las estribaciones del bosque andino, Azuay
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-01-09) Bautista Morocho, Daniel Armando; Villena Ochoa, Paulina Germania
The Passiflora genus presents a representative variability of species within the inter-Andean alley, however, the difficulty of propagation and the limited availability of studies, have caused a lack of interest in this genus; In this research the following objectives were proposed: 1) To evaluate the effect of different concentrations of 2 hormones on the rooting of cuttings of 4 species of Passiflora identified in the foothills of the Andean forest of the parishes of Chumblin and San Gerardo. 2) To evaluate the effect of two hormones, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and indole butyric acid (IBA) on the rooting of cuttings in field conditions in four species (Passiflora ampullaceae, Passiflora manicata, Passiflora tripartita, Passiflora ligularis). 3) To evaluate three concentration doses of ANA (100, 200 and 300 ppm) and AIB (250, 500 and 750 ppm), for rooting cuttings of 4 species of Passifloras. An independent experiment was carried out, each one was developed with a completely randomized design with 7 treatments and 8 replicates. The results showed that, for the number of live cuttings, P. ampullaceae, presented a survival percentage of 50% in (500 and 750 ppm) of AIB, in the number of buds, differences were presented in P. manicata, being ANA (200 ppm) the best treatment; for the number of roots, AIB in (500 and 750 ppm) presented categories of abundant and regular, for root length, values of 2.8 cm were reached with the use of ANA (100 ppm). The present work concludes that each species responds differently to the treatments.
Evaluación del porcentaje de emergencia de acelga (Beta vulgaris Grupo Cicla) espinaca (Spinacea oleracea) y zanahoria (Daucus carota) en respuesta al cebado de semillas
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-07-03) Vidal Arpi, María Elisa; Flores Quizhpi, Jonathan Paul; Villena Ochoa, Paulina Germania
Seed priming is a crucial technique in modern agriculture. This practice can significantly improve the germination rate of seeds, as well as their resistance to diseases and adverse environmental conditions. Several investigations have shown that priming contributes positively to the speed of emergence in various vegetable crops such as chard (Beta vulgaris Cycla Group), spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and carrot (Daucus carota), resulting in great economic help. To determine the effect of priming in terms of the variables speed and percentage of emergence in chard, spinach and carrot seeds, this investigation was carried out; two types of priming were used: halo priming, with the seeds submerged in 3% sodium chloride for twelve hours and hydropriming, with plain water for five hours. Then the seeds were sown in open field conditions. In order to determine the percentage of seed emergence at four, seven, fourteen, eighteen and twenty-eight days, the number of emerged plants was calculated from the first day of sowing. On the other hand, to evaluate the speed of emergence, the number of plants emerged per day is calculated. This is achieved by dividing the total number of plants emerged up to the count date by the number of days elapsed from sowing to the respective count. The results showed that the priming halo had a greater effect on the emergence of chard seeds, on the other hand, in the spinach crop the best effect was with the hydropriming treatment, however, in carrots no effect was observed with any of them. the two treatments. Statistically the results were not significant
Evaluación del rendimiento y comportamiento de tres variedades de sandía (Citrullus lanatus) en la comunidad Las Casitas, Santa Rosa, El Oro
(2014) Arias Ochoa, David Ignacio; Villena Ochoa, Paulina Germania
This research allowed us to evaluate the behavior and performance of three varieties of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ) in organic production , determining the most promising variety to ensure the production of healthy food , without altering the ecosystem. In the province of El Oro, Santa Rosa there is Las Casitas community , which has artisanal fisheries as main activity, to which few householders are engaged , since most of the population are emigrants. it has been trying to find a different but productive activity to encourage the emigrants to return , raising the production of organic watermelon. The investigation was carried out on a plot of 500m ², using an experimental design with ramdom blocks with 3 treatments and 5 replicates , evaluating 36 plants in each repetition. The analyzed variables were quantitative and qualitative of the crop and the fruit. The varieties studied were Charleston Gray, Crimsoon Sweet and Sugar Baby. The most promising variety proved to be Crimsoon Sweet with a production of 26.5 tonnes per hectare , ranking above the average national production. Chromatographic analysis of soil and qualitative differences between organic versus conventional fruit and crops were obtained
Metagenomic survey of the bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of three andean tuber crops
(2019) Chica Martínez, Eduardo José; Villena Ochoa, Paulina Germania; Peña Tapia, Denisse Fabiola; Yarzabal Rodriguez, Luis Andres; Valdez Tenezaca, Adrian Vinicio; Buela, Lenys
Microbes colonizing the rhizosphere are important drivers of plant health, supplying nutrients and antagonizing pathogens, among other beneficial activities. Tubers are important staple crops in the Andean highlands, produced by thousands of small-farmers and consumed by millions. Here we report the composition of the bacterial communities colonizing the rhizospheres of three Andean tuber crops (ATCs), namely oca (Oxalis tuberosa), ullucu (Ullucus tuberosus) and mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum). We used high throughput sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes to describe the bacterial diversity of rhizospheric soils associated to thee crops. Between 4862 and 5080 OTUs were exclusively detected in each one of the ATCs’ rhizospheres; the majority of the 100 most abundant OTUs belonged to the Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria phyla. Beta diversity indices revealed a low similarity between the three communities, suggesting differences in their specific composition. Only 566 bacterial OTUs were shared by all three tuber’s rhizospheres and absent from the surrounding bulk soil. Apart from studies in potato, this is the first report concerning the diversity and abundance of bacterial taxa associated with the rhizosphere of other important and traditional ATCs.
Respuesta germinativa de cuatro especies forestales nativas del macizo del Cajas
(2016) Joseph, Alain; Delva, Jhonny; Villena Ochoa, Paulina Germania
Seeds are very useful in plant production for restoration and germplasm conservation purposes. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the germinative response of four native tree species (Hedyosmum luteynii, Myrcianthes rhopaloides, Oreocallis grandiflora, Weinmannia fagaroides) from the Cajas Massif. Seed morphology and seed physiology of these species were evaluated, through an imbibition test in order to define seed coat type for each species. Moreover, the type of endosperm, location of the embryos and the size of seeds and embryos were analyzed. Additionally, seed color were evaluated. In order to evaluate the germinative response of the species above-mentioned, the following thermic treatments were applied: 1) Warm stratification. 2) Cold stratification. 3) Immersion in gibberellic acid. 4) Acid scarification. The results showed that all species had permeable seed coat and also the seed color was a positive indicator for germination for H. luteynii and O. grandiflora. The endosperm and embryos for M. rhopaloides and O. grandiflora were classified as peripheral from a morphological point of view, H. luteynii classified as linear underdeveloped and W. fagaroides as linear fully developed. The stratification treatments did not affect the germination rate. Immersion in gibberellic acid caused higher germination rate and reduced the days until germination. The acid scarification produced a low germination in comparison with other treatments. The knowledge generated in this study on native tree species will have an application in reforestation and conservation programs.
Selección de una línea promisoria de cebada (hordeum vulgare L.) bio-fortificada de grano descubierto y bajo contenido en fitatos, en áreas vulnerables de la Sierra sur ecuatoriana
(2015) Cajamarca Guartazaca, Byron Gabriel; Montenegro Polo, Sergio Israel; Villena Ochoa, Paulina Germania
The current investigation is a significant contribution to the development of the people from three vulnerable areas where barley crops are grown in the south highlands of Ecuador; Azogues, Tambo y Nabón. Advance lines of bio- fortified exposed barley grain and low phytates content were evaluated here, in order to select a participatory promising line of good agronomic performance and cost-effective. The vegetative material used were lines 3,14, 15, 16, 18, 25, 38, 41, 42, 54, 63, 68, 70 and as witness it was use the Atahualpa and Rita varieties, at a rate of 50 gr/3 m2 constituting an area of 6 m2 per experimental unit. For this it was implemented an experiment in a DBCA, with 15 treatments and 4 repetitions; the results were statistically evaluated according to Tukey’s at 5%.Statistical analysis determined that the advanced lines behaved differently in the three locations according to the variables: plant height, disease incidence, yield (kg/ha), field force, type of straw and grain type. Meanwhile the percentage variables of germination and bolting days showed no significance, seeds therefore behaved similarly. In laboratory tests (tetrazolium, germination and vigor) lines showed 90 % viability, 80 % germination and 93 % vigor, indicating that the quality of the seed is within acceptable and minimum values described by the FAO. The line with best agronomy performance in the location of Chuquipata was the line 16, with an average yield of 2562.5 kg / ha, meanwhile in Nabón line 70 was the one with the best performance with an average yield of 2906.66 kg/ha, and finally for Tambo It was the line 3, which showed an average yield of 3142 kg / ha. Nonetheless the line that showed the best performance stability, tolerance to attack of diseases such as: yellow rust, leaf rust, scald and yellow dwarf virus; in the three locations it was line 54 with a yield of 2261.11 kg / ha. In the participative evaluation with farmers in each locality, the greater acceptance lines were 70, 16 and 54 mainly because of its good agronomic performance and good grain conformation In the economic analysis, the lines that shown the best ration cost/benefit were lines 70, 16 and 54 with: 2.66, 2.41 and 2.18 respectively.
Técnica de encapsulamiento de embriones en alginato de sodio para la germinación de: Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis y Hyeronima macrocarpa, provincia Azuay
(2019-09-24) Quito Sinchi, Angélica Noemí; Yunga Yunga, Ana Marlene; Villena Ochoa, Paulina Germania
The technology of encapsulating embryos in sodium alginate (called synthetic or artificial seed) is a successful alternative for the propagation, multiplication and conservation of species. This study was developed in the In Vitro Plant Propagation Laboratory, Seed Laboratory, and greenhouse at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the University of Cuenca, our main objective of evaluating the technique of encapsulation of zygotic embryos of two ecologically and socio-economically important species: Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis (chamburo) and Hyeronima macrocarpa (motilón) and their response in germination and conservation; for this, zygotic embryos were extracted from seeds in physiological maturity and deposited in 4% sodium alginate, one by one the embryos were deposited in a calcium chloride complexing agent in two concentrations of 50mM and 75mM and in two times of immersion 10 and 30 minutes in order to generate a cover that fulfills the function of nourish and protect to facilitate germination. After this, the effect of these variables on the viability of the encapsulated embryos was evaluated, at different storage times 0, 20 and 40 days in the germinating chamber and greenhouse environments. The highest germination values for Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis was the T4 treatment (4% alginate 75mM of CaCl2 30min) with 31.46%, while for Hyeronima macrocarpa in T4 (4% alginate 75mM of CaCl2 30min) 33.30%. Although there were no significant differences in the different treatments in this species. Synthetic seeds were stored for 0, 20, 40 days at 4 and 25 degrees Celsius and then brought to greenhouse and germinating chamber conditions for evaluation. Better germination was observed in greenhouse conditions than in germinating chamber conditions. Regarding the days of storage, Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis showed the germination percentage at (0 days) with 28, 38% when the embryo was encapsulated directly in the greenhouse, likewise for the species Hyeronima macrocarpa with a percentage of 51, 34%. Better development of seedlings from encapsulated embryos stored for 40 days at 25 °C and then planted in the greenhouse was obtained. The results obtained are very useful as they constitute protocols applicable and adapted to forest species that can be conserved and propagated massively.