Browsing by Author "Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago"

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Analysis and risk assessment of arsenic in the water sources of the cities Cuenca and Azogues, Ecuador
(2021) Pauta Calle, Gladys Guillermina; Velasco Heras, María Eugenia; Vázquez Guillen, Gabriela Belén; Abril Torres, Andrea Fernanda; Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago
Analysis of fluid velocity inside an agricultural sprayer using generalized linear mixed models
(2020) Boné, Antonio; Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago; Guevara Viera, Raúl Victorino; Guevara Viera, Guillermo Emilio; Aguirre De juana, Angel Javier; García Ramos, Francisco Javier; Vidal, Mariano
The fluid velocity inside the tank of agricultural sprayers is an indicator of the quality of the mixture. This study aims to formulate the best generalized linear mixed model to infer the fluid velocity inside a tank under specific operational parameters of the agitation system, such as liquid level, circuit pressures, and number of active nozzles. A complex model was developed that included operational parameters as fixed eects (FE) and the section of the tank as the random eect. The goodness of fit of the model was evaluated by considering the lowest values of Akaike's information criteria and Bayesian information criterion, and by estimating the residual variance. The gamma distribution and log-link function enhanced the goodness of fit of the best model. The Toeplitz structure was chosen as the structure of the covariance matrix. SPSS and SAS software were used to compute the model. The analysis showed that the greatest influence on the fluid velocity was exerted by the liquid level in the tank, followed by the circuit pressure and, finally, the number of active nozzles. The development presented here could serve as a guide for formulating models to evaluate the eciency of the agitation system of agricultural sprayers.
Balance de energía, nitrógeno y fósforo en sistemas de ceba bovina en pastoreo
(2019) Moreno, Miguel Nápoles; Guevara Viera, Guillermo Emilio; Acosta Gutiérrez, Zoe; Estévez Alfayate, Jorge Alberto; Ceró Rizo, Ángel E.; Carmilema Asmal, Johny Fernando; Guzmán Espinoza, Clelia Kathrine; Soto Senra, Servando A.; Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago; Guevara Viera, Raúl Victorino
Aim: The aim of this work was to estimate the efficiency of milk production in 1 168 cases in Ecuadoran Sierra Sur Andina, with the implementation of neural networks with multilayer perceptrons. Materials and Methods: These cases were collected from secondary samples provided by the Official Institute of National Statistics of Ecuador, in 2016. The variables chosen for the model were total milk production on the previ-ous day (P), as dependent variable; and total cattle heads (CH), total laborers in the field (E), and total surface at-tended by laborer (S), as independent variables. The selection criteria were the existence of data from individual cas-es, and their impact on the dependent variable. ISSN 2224-7920 Results: The average efficiency was 8.11 %, from which the total cases detected efficiently (> 0.70) accounted for 11 (0.9 % of the sample). Later, the cases studied were classified into three groups, depending on the efficiency cal-culated: Group 1 (≤ 0.4 efficiency); Group 2 (> 0.4 - ≤ 0.7 efficiency); and Group 3 (> 0.7 efficiency). Conclusion: A comparison produced several statistical differences (P < 0.01) for variables total milk production/year on the farm, total field laborers, farm size, total cows, total cattle heads, calvings, pregnant cows, and served cows.
Effect of estradiol benzoate on the size of follicle and corpus luteum of Holstein cows treated with D-cloprostenol (2015)
(2015) Soria Parra, Manuel Elías; Narvaez Teran, Jhonny Alfredo; Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago; Méndez Álvarez, María Silvana; Soria Parra, Carlos Alonso
The effect of two treatments, farms, and body shape on the size of the follicle and Corpus Luteum were evaluated. D-Cloprostenol (150 ug) was used in one of the treatments; in the other, D-Cloprostenol (150 ug) and Estradiol Ben-zoate (1 mg), were used. Two groups of 32 Holstein dairy cows each, from the Nero and Irquis farms in Cuenca, Ec-uador, were set up. Body condition (2.75-3.50) was considered. The calving number was 1-6; the farms, Irquis and Nero; and animal age, 3-10 years. Ultrasound scanning was used on days 0; 3 and 7, in order to measure the Luteum first, then the dominant ovarian follicle, and finally, the Corpus Luteum. Factor analysis of variance was performed. No significant differences were found for follicle size due to any factors; nor due to interaction. Concerning luteum, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed for the treatments and for the farm. The values were 0.33 cm higher for the treatment with Benzoate, and 0.36 cm, at Irquis, in comparison to Nero. The treatment with Benzoate, along with better husbandry at Irquis played a critical role in the appearance and evolution of the luteum.
Eficiencia técnica en granjas lecheras de la sierra andina mediante modelación con redes neuronales
(2019) Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago; López Crespo, Gonzalo Estuardo; Guevara Viera, Raúl Victorino; Narváez Terán, Jhonny Alfredo; Serpa García, Víctor Guillermo; Guzmán Espinoza, Clelia Kathrine; Guevara Viera, Guillermo Emilio; Aguirre De juana, Angel Javier
Aim: The aim of this work was to estimate the efficiency of milk production in 1 168 cases in Ecuadoran Sierra Sur Andina, with the implementation of neural networks with multilayer perceptrons. Materials and Methods: These cases were collected from secondary samples provided by the Official Institute of National Statistics of Ecuador, in 2016. The variables chosen for the model were total milk production on the previ-ous day (P), as dependent variable; and total cattle heads (CH), total laborers in the field (E), and total surface at-tended by laborer (S), as independent variables. The selection criteria were the existence of data from individual cas-es, and their impact on the dependent variable. Results: The average efficiency was 8.11 %, from which the total cases detected efficiently (> 0.70) accounted for 11 (0.9 % of the sample). Later, the cases studied were classified into three groups, depending on the efficiency calculated: Group 1 (≤ 0.4 efficiency); Group 2 (> 0.4 - ≤ 0.7 efficiency); and Group 3 (> 0.7 efficiency). Conclusion: A comparison produced several statistical differences (P < 0.01) for variables total milk production/year on the farm, total field laborers, farm size, total cows, total cattle heads, calvings, pregnant cows, and served cows.
Energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus balances in grazing cattle fattening systems
(2019) Guzmán Espinoza, Clelia Kathrine; Guevara Viera, Guillermo Emilio; Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago; Acosta Gutiérrez, Zoe; Estévez Alfayate, Jorge Alberto; Ceró Rizo, Ángel E; Carmilema Asmal, Johny Fernando; Soto Senra, Servando A; Guevara Viera, Raúl Victorino; Moreno Nápoles, Miguel
The aim of this work was to check the balance of energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus in pre-fattening and fattening bovine systems at Turiguanó Livestock Breeding Company, in the province of Ciego de Ávila, Cuba. The botanical composition of the farms evaluated was determined, and the energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus balances checked. The annual energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus balances were negative on the experimental farms. New strategies are required to enhance energy and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) use, and increase beef production during the final stage. Therefore, improvements in recycling, balance, and efficiency in the use of energy and these minerals are linked to increases in live weight/day, and better final weights during that stage.
Espículas peneanas del cobayo (Cavia porcellus), influencia sobre el comportamiento sexual, fertilidad y calidad espermática
(2017) Ayala Guanga, Luis Eduardo; Rodas Carpio, Ermes Ramiro; Almeida, Andrés; Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago; Nieto Escandón, Pedro Emilio
This research took place in canton Cuenca, province of Azuay, Ecuador, located on UTM 717 386 x 967 5751, 2 714 meters above sea level, with a mean temperature of 14 °C . This study determined the influence of penis spic-ules on sexual behavior, fertility and sperm quality parameters in cavy (Cavia porcellus), raised on the Ecuadorian highlands. A number of 5 whole males (with penis spicules) were included in the study. Also, included were 5 males with their spicules removed, and 40 multiparous females, conformation type A, pelage type 1. The pregnancy per-centage of females that copulated with extirpated males decreased 65 % in relation to the control group (P < 0.05). However, the sexual behavior pattern and sperm quality of the two groups in the study were similar (P > 0.05). Therefore, the study concluded that extirpation of the penis spicule has effects on fertility, but not on sexual behavior and sperm quality.
El estado de las finanzas solidarias en la ciudad de Cuenca
(2013) Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago; Orellana Sarmiento, Enrique Eduardo
In the new scenario in Ecuador with the Popular and Solidarity Economy, the recent legislation, new institutions, adding to this the important role of Solidarity Finances indicate the relevance of knowing the state of financial institutions that are part of this last, its challenges, developments, the context of capitalism is for these a real challenge to maintain the principles of solidarity, being this knowledge the principal objective of the present study. For the study utilized the methodology of the case studies, thus making for it important to develop qualitative tools such as interviews with key players, as well as quantitative tools especially for financial analysis. The conclusions resulting from this research indicate: 1) A national and international leadership of Finance of Solidarity in the town where the fight against poverty and financial processes exclusive pass to see credit as a means, not an end, and that concepts such as participation, governance, identity, among others, adding to the active role of local governments, church and cooperative networks, are the keys to their growth. 2) The existence of positive approaches such as cooperative educations, seed to change cultural patterns, trying to reduce their own behavioral forms of the capitalism system, as well as negative aspects but not in the case studies, which can be called “forms of subordination of finance capital over labor.
Evaluación de la eficiencia en la ceba de toros en pastoreomediante análisis envolvente de datos de panel
(2018) Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago; Guevara Viera, Guillermo Emilio; Guevara Viera, Raúl Victorino; Curbelo Rodríguez, Lino Miguel; Estévez Alfayate, Jorge A.; Ceró Rizo, Angel Eduardo; Díaz y Aguirre, Mary Jo; Aguirre, Javier
A five-year study (2008-2012) was made to determine the bioproductive and financial behavior derived from the structures and resources available on ten private rustic farms, in the province of Ciego de Avila, Cuba. The pastureand forage yields were estimated for evaluation of their contribution and efficiency. Decomposition of seasonal time series was performed to determine the annual behavior of births, through a multiplicative model. Variance analysis for farm comparison was based on efficiency of dairy production, and financial indicators (SPSS, 15.0. 2006). Overall, the availability and quality of pastures and forages was insufficient, with negative annual forage balances. The farms evidenced birth seasonability, particularly farm No. 7 (April-May). However, the general birth rates were very low, as a result of inadequate reproduction management. The best productive and financial results were observed on farm No. 7 (1 061 kg/milk/ha/year, and $ 0.87 CUP/kg of milk produced, respectively)
Evaluación productiva y económica del engorde de toretes alimentados con excretas de cerdos y de aves (cerdaza y pollinaza) y concentrado comercial
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2015) Ramírez Gallardo, María Alejandra; Rodríguez Saldaña, Diego Fernando; Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago; Universidad de Cuenca; Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad de Cuenca; DIUC
Evaluación productiva y económica del engorde de toretes alimentados con excretas de cerdos y de aves (cerdaza y pollinaza) y concentrado comercial.
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2016) Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago
Extirpación de las espículas del pene de cuy (Cavia porcellus) y su efecto sobre la ganancia de peso y agresividad
(2018) Rosales Jaramillo, Cornelio Alejandro; Rodas Carpio, Ermes Ramiro; Nieto Escandón, Pedro Emilio; Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago; Gordillo Guambaña, Burgos Geovanny; Aucapiña Cuenca, Cristian Daniel; Marin Peñaranda, Angel Danilo
This research took place on the Irquis Farm, University of Cuenca, Victoria del Portete parish, Cuenca canton, province of Anzuay, Ecuador. This research studied the effects of penile spicule extirpation on weight gain and aggressiveness, ents: whole animals without castration, used as controls (T1); animals with extirpation of the gland´s spicules (T2); and chemically castrated animals, using 0.5 ml of 2 % alcohol with iodine, directly injected in each testicle (T3). A total of 90 animals were included, following a randomized block design with six treatments and five replicas. The diet consisted of forage mixture of 33-35 % dry matter, and a commercial feed supplement administered ad libitum. A covariance analysis (ANACOVA) was made, using the initial weight as co-variable. The final weight was significantly influenced by the treatment; the Tukey test resulted in greater final weight in T2, followed by T1. Their behavior was significantly different from T3 (P < 0.05). In relation to aggressiveness, expressed in carcass damage, no significant differences were observed, according to Chi square (P > 0.05).
El funcionamiento de un mercado oligopólico en el sector bancario ecuatoriano
(2009) Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago; Vásquez Montesinos, Marcelo
Ganancias de peso vivo en novillas que pastan Kikuyo (Pennisetum clandestinum, Ex Chiov) fertilizado con pollinaza
(2019) Arcos Álvarez, Cristian Neptali; Lascano Armas, Paola J.; Guevara Viera, Raúl Victorino; Atzori, Alberto S.; Molina Molina, Elsa; Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago; Carmilema Asmal, Johny Fernando; Serpa García, Víctor Guillermo; Aguirre de Juana, Angel Javier; García Zumalacarregui, Jorge Alejandro
The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect on the Kikuyo pasture and the growth of Holstein vaconas of different doses of Pollinaza as organic fertilizer. The work was carried out in a dairy system of 21.6 ha in the province of Cotopaxi in Ecuador, located at 2º 13' North and 78º 24'W at 2651 masl. Rainfall averages 1103 mm I year and temperatures between 14-21 oC. The research compared three levels of organic fertilization with pollinaza (O, 50 and 100 kg/ha/year, represented as FO, F50 and F100) in pastures of Kikuyo Heifers of 210 kg of live weight were used and the conception of the work was like a system to generate animals ready for reproduction. The fertilizers were applied manually in each season for the highest doses. Dry sprinkler irrigation was applied. Rational grazing was used for the delivery of two grass I day strips. The rest time was 21-28 days throughout the period. Balanced supplementation was used at a rate of 1 kg I per heifer I day. Own cut forage was used. The botanical composition was determined. The dry matter availabilites were determined with 1O frames per pasture and 30 height observations. The average vaconas gains, final weight and expenses I vacona ($) were measured, differences were found (p <0.05) in favor of the F100 treatment and its population increases to 93.7% and its biomass production was higher. The weight increases in vaconas were favorable to the treatment with F1OO. The animals that pastured the most fertilized pastures with Pollinaza showed better consumption of grass and grassland condition greater weight gains and weights at the end of the test than the animals that grazed the less fertilized with pollinaza.
Inducción de la brotación in vitro de microplántulas de Nogal (Juglans neotropica) tratadas con Thidiazuron (TDZ) y 6-Bencilaminnopurina (BAP)
(2014) Peña Tapia, Denisse Fabiola; Rocano Curillo, Melida Noemi; Salazar Orellana, Marjorie Jazmin; Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago
The walnut (Juglans neotropica) is a species of great potential for conservation projects and eco-agro- production in the Andean region. However, low germination capacity limits its spread for reforestation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of treatment with Thidiazuron (TDZ) and 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) on in vitro shoot induction of J. neotropica. The micro plantlets treated with BAP produced more shoots than those treated with TDZ. The micro plantlets treated with BAP and TDZ in turn generated more shoots than the non-treated micro plantlets. In the test, the effect of concentration of BAP and TDZ in the medium was also evaluated; however not statistically significant differences between the tested concentrations were detected. In summary, findings indicate that the treatment with cytokines, BAP specifically, increases the number of shoots produced by micro plantlets J. neotropica. It is believed that this treatment can be applied on projects of mass propagation of this species within the frame of reforestation programs.
Methods of collection, extender type, and freezability of semen collected from creole bulls raised in the tropical highlands of Ecuador
(2019) Argudo Garzon, Daniel Ernesto; Galarza Lucero, Diego Andrés; Bueno Leon, Hernan Patricio; Iñiguez Gutierrez, Carlos Ulises; Méndez Álvarez, María Silvana; Soria Parra, Manuel Elías; Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago; Perea Ganchou, Fernando Pedro; Alberio Null, Ricardo Horacio
This study was conducted to determine the best combination between two collection method and two extenders in the cryopres-ervation of semen from creole bulls adapted to highlands of the Ecuadorian Andes. Sixty ejaculates from three adult Creole bulls were evaluated after collection by artificial vagina (AV) and electroejaculation (EE). Semen samples were split into two aliquots and diluted with a soy lecithin extender (Andromed®; A) or an egg yolk-containing extender (Triladyl®; T) and packed in straws of 0.25 ml with 20 × 106 sperms. Optical microscopy and computer-assisted semen analysis system (CASA) were used to evaluate semen quality characteristics. The effects of collection methods and extender type as well as its interaction were evaluated by a factorial ANOVA and Bonferroni’s test. Semen samples collected with EE and frozen with T (EE-T) and A (EE-A) had greater proportion of spermatozoa with optical assessed individual progressive motility (IPM), plasmatic membrane intact (HosT), and lower tail abnormalities than those obtained with AV and frozen with the same extenders (AV-T and AV-A);however, differences were significant only between EE-A and AV-T. CASA assessment indicated that the total mobility (TM) was greater (P < 0.05) in semen samples diluted with T, although these samples had a greater proportion (P < 0.05) of sperms with local motility (LM) and fewer immobile sperms (IS), than those extended with A. Generally, semen samples obtained with EE or AV and diluted with T seems to be the best option to ciopreserve gametes of Creole bulls raised in highlands of Ecuadorian Andes.
Milk production and sustainability of the dairy livestock systems with a high calving concentrate pattern at the early spring
(VETERINARY ORGANIZATION, 2016-05-01) Guevara Viera, Raúl Victorino; Guevara Vera, Guillermo Emilio; Serpa García, Víctor Guillermo; Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago
A research was development with the objective to evaluate the effects of different factors that affect the efficiency of the calving concentrate pattern at the early spring dairy systems in Cuban since 1988 until 2013. The results were obtained for the information of 210 dairy farms with high concentration of calving in early spring (60-80% of calving of annual) and find an important effects on more milk production and minor quantities of fuel oil consumed /1000 kg of milk produced than non concentrate calving pattern dairy systems. In theses cases the responses on milk production was great in the range of 21506kg to 46250kg respect to others. The operational costs were diminished in all time with pattern of early spring calving on 35.1% - 29.7%. The results reached, with low supplements, minor energy costs per kg of milk produced per/cow and ha with high calving concentration in spring respect to the others systems with disorder in calving pattern are superior. The global warming potential (GWP) in the systems with high concentration of calving in early spring was approximately 31-27 % minor the methane production based in more better Forage-Concentrate relation (81% forages-19% concentrates) in the feed than the others systems, and positives balances of Nitrogen with values of -7.2 kg./ha./year to16.4 kg./ha./year and values of 14-29 % and 11-36% of minor discharge of the Sulfur (S) and Phosphorus (P) to the environment respectively than confirm the sustainability of the seasonal milk production systems in Cuban dairy farms conditions.
Milk production of grazing cows in kikuyo (pennisetum clandestinum, ex chiov) fertilized with poultry manure
(2021) Arcos Álvarez, Cristian Neptali; Lascano Armas, Paola J; Guevara Viera, Raúl Victorino; Guevara Viera, Guillermo Emilio; Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago; Aguirre de Juana, Ángel Javier; Garzón Jarrín, Rafael Alfonso; Molina, Elsa
Background. The use of organic fertilization on grasslands is an option on the biological, economic and environmental sense. Objective. In order to evaluate the poultry manure applied as a fertilizer in Kikuyo pastures (Pennisetum clandestinum, Ex Chiov) with grazing cows. Methodology. An experiment was carried out on a 21.6 ha farm in Ecuador, at 2° 13' and 78° 24' South and West, 2651 masl, rainfall of 1103 mm / year). Four fertilization levels corresponding to 0, 50, 100, 150 kg / ha / year, respectively, and load of 1.22 AU / ha were used. Irrigation was applied in the dry season. 21-25 Holstein cows with 526 kg of LW were used. Lactation was of 272 days. The time of occupation of a day and time of rest of 21-28 days. The concentrate offered was 0.4 kg / cow. The persistence of the pastures (%) and their yield per rotation in t ms / ha were determined. Heights and density and samples for dry matter, crude protein and crude fiber (%) were estimated. Milk/cow production data were recorded. ANOVA was used. Costs of the kg of milk produced were determined. Results. The significant differences (p <0.05) were in F150, where the pasture increased up to 83% and the milk produced surpassed (p <0.05) the other treatments. Implications. The treatment with the best response for grass and milk production was considered a positive reference to be recommended for producers in the zone. Conclusions. The contribution of 150 kg of manure + 50 kg / N2 / ha as urea, influenced in a higher nutrient intake, increased pasture persistence, yield and nutritional quality, with direct effects on the dairy response and reduced costs / kg of milk.
Milk production of grazing cows in kikuyo (pennisetum clandestinum, ex chiov) fertilized with poultry manure
(2021) Aguirre de Juana, Ángel Javier; Molina, Elsa; Garzón Jarrín, Rafael Alfonso; Arcos Álvarez, Cristian Neptali; Lascano Armas, Paola J; Guevara Viera, Raúl Victorino; Guevara Viera, Guillermo Emilio; Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago
Background. The use of organic fertilization on grasslands is an option on the biological, economic and environmental sense. Objective. In order to evaluate the poultry manure applied as a fertilizer in Kikuyo pastures (Pennisetum clandestinum, Ex Chiov) with grazing cows. Methodology. An experiment was carried out on a 21.6 ha farm in Ecuador, at 2° 13' and 78° 24' South and West, 2651 masl, rainfall of 1103 mm / year). Four fertilization levels corresponding to 0, 50, 100, 150 kg / ha / year, respectively, and load of 1.22 AU / ha were used. Irrigation was applied in the dry season. 21-25 Holstein cows with 526 kg of LW were used. Lactation was of 272 days. The time of occupation of a day and time of rest of 21-28 days. The concentrate offered was 0.4 kg / cow. The persistence of the pastures (%) and their yield per rotation in t ms / ha were determined. Heights and density and samples for dry matter, crude protein and crude fiber (%) were estimated. Milk/cow production data were recorded. ANOVA was used. Costs of the kg of milk produced were determined. Results. The significant differences (p <0.05) were in F150, where the pasture increased up to 83% and the milk produced surpassed (p <0.05) the other treatments. Implications. The treatment with the best response for grass and milk production was considered a positive reference to be recommended for producers in the zone. Conclusions. The contribution of 150 kg of manure + 50 kg / N2 / ha as urea, influenced in a higher nutrient intake, increased pasture persistence, yield and nutritional quality, with direct effects on the dairy response and reduced costs / kg of milk.
Physical-productive characterization and typologies of diversified dairy systems in the highlands of Ecuador
(2020) Guevara Viera, Raúl Victorino; Lascano Armas, Paola Jael; Arcos Álvarez, Cristian Neptali; Guevara Viera, Guillermo Emilio; Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago; Narváez Terán, Jhonny Alfredo; Aguirre de Juana, Ángel Javier; Arcos Álvarez, Fernando Raúl; Beltrán Romero, Cristian Fernando; Soria Parra, Manuel Elías; Bravo Álvarez, María Ximena; Machuca Machuca, Diana Angélica; Guerrero Paredes, Fabián Manuel
The objective of this work was to characterize and establish a typology of Cotopaxi cattle systems in the northern Sierra region of Ecuador. The data were collected through direct surveys of 212 farmers and reflect the main technical, economic and productive aspects of the farms. The typology was established using multivariate analytical techniques. Cluster analysis revealed four groupings. Group I, defined as Small Family Farms (GPF), Group II, as Family Farms Farms (GMF), Group III, as Technified Family Farms Farms (GMFT) and Group IV, as Very Small Family Farms (GMPF). An ANAVA was applied. The evaluation indicated important differences in the group farms, despite the fact that they are developed in the same agroclimatic environment, operate in the same markets and also have similar information. The result is a varied universe of situations with significant variations between medium and small systems. By scale and by reason of their areas dedicated to livestock and crops and their productive and efficiency results measured as income for each activity and level of expenditure.