Browsing by Author "Murillo Apolo, Yury Agapito"

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Assessment of different diets in the productive behavior of native guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) from the Andes of Ecuador
(2023) Jacome Aucay, Andres Santiago; Velesaca Ayala, Pablo Geovanny; Garay Peña, Gabriela Sofía; Murillo Apolo, Yury Agapito; Rosales Jaramillo, Cornelio Alejandro; Nieto Escandón, Pedro Emilio
The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of native guinea pigs fed forage and forage plus concentrate diets. Thirty-six native weaned guinea pigs from the Provinces of Azuay and Cañar were distributed under a completely randomized design consisting of six diets with different levels of inclusion of grass (Lolium multiflorum) and legume (Medicago sativa) with or without the addition of concentrate (D1, D2, D3 and D4, D5, D6, respectively), where productive performance: total feed intake (CTA), total protein intake (CTP), feed conversion (CA), final live weight (PF), total weight gain (GPT), average daily weight gain (GDP) and economic parameters (Production cost, net profit, merit economic) was evaluated in the different treatments. Diets 3 (20 % L. multiflorum; 70 % M. sativa and 10 % commercial feed) and 4 (20 % L. multiflorum; 80 % M. sativa) had the best CA (8.21 and 8.59; P<0.05, respectively); GPT (624.47 and 593.78 g; P<0.05, respectively) and daily GDP compared to the other treatments (5.95 and 5.66 g·d-1; P<0.05, respectively). Therefore, although native guinea pigs have lower productive yields with respect to improved lines, the diets that allow expressing their maximum performance in reference to CA, GPT, GDP, PF and economic merit, are those containing levels greater than 50 % of alfalfa inclusion with or without commercial concentrate.
Calidad bacteriológica de la leche cruda en ganaderías de la provincia del Azuay
(2018) Cárdenas Padrón, Cesar Leonardo; Murillo Morales, Marco Geovanny; Murillo Apolo, Yury Agapito
The objective of this research was to analyze the bacteriological quality of raw milk produced in farms located in the province of Azuay. For which 45 farms were sampled according to the size of the herd and were divided into three groups: large, medium and small. The microbiological indicators that were examined were Mesophilic Aerobic counts, Total Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, this was done based on the interpretation guide for 3M Petrifilm plates, which are endorsed by the AOAC, NMK and AFNOR with their respective official methods indicated for milk and dairy products. Antibacterial sensitivity tests were performed for all the microorganisms studied. The means of bacterial counts in the province of Azuay gave the following results: Mesophilic Aerobios 3882599.97 CFU/mL, Staphylococcus aureus 4229.55 CFU/mL, Total Coliforms 5129.55 CFU/mL and Escherichia coli 24.48 CFU/mL. In the antibacterial sensitivity tests, it was observed that Total Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Mesophilic Aerobios are resistant to Ampicillin, Amoxicillin and Erythromycin, and have sensitivity to Ceftriaxone and Gentamicin. Staphylococcus aureus is resistant to Ampicillin, and is sensitive to Ceftriaxone, Gentamicin, Amoxicillin and Erythromycin.
Capacidad de reinicio de la meiosis de ovocitos provenientes de folículos de varios tamaños obtenidos de ovarios de camal
(2019) Ayala Guanga, Luis Eduardo; Palacios Cedeño, Tito Emmanuel; Calle Ortiz, Guido Rigoberto; Rodas Carpio, Ermes Ramiro; Dutan Sanango, Jorge Bolivar; Murillo Apolo, Yury Agapito; Samaniego Campoverde, Jorge Xavier
The competence of oocytes according to follicle size to restart meiosis was evaluated. The follicles were measured and classified as Group 1 (G1 <4 mm), Group 2 (G2 4-8 mm) and Group 3 (G3 >8 mm). The aspiration was performed by group with a 21G needle connected to a vacuum pump, with a pressure of 65 mmHg. The complex oocyte clusters (COCs) recovered were classified as suitable and unsuitable to produce embryos in vitro, according to the characteristics of the cumulus and the cytoplasm. Eligible and unsuitable COCs were assessed with the Brilliant Cresyl Blue (BCB) and were classified into BCB+ and BCB-. In vitro maturation (IVM) was carried out in microdroplets, incubated in a 5% CO2 chamber, 38.5 °C and 90% humidity for 24 hours. The meiotic progression was determined by extrusion of the polar corpuscle by epifluorescence under an inverted microscope. Oocyte morphometry was established using a high definition camera (Excelis AU-600-HD) and software (AmScope v.3.7). The recovery percentage of oocytes was greater than 63%. The G2 follicles provided a higher percentage of eligible COCs (65.7%), where 59% of this group was classified as BCB+. The fit oocytes of G1 and G2 resumed meiosis by 75%. In addition, it was observed that oocytes after IVM reduced their diameter. It is concluded that follicle oocytes between 4-8 mm (G2) provide a higher percentage of mature COCs; however, 50% of follicles <4 mm (G1) are a promising source of viable oocytes, so they should be used for in vitro embryo production.
Características morfométricas de las razas criollas encerado, colorado, atigrado y pintado de la región interandina del Ecuador
(ALPA, 2018) Dután Sanango, Jorge Bolívar; Murillo Apolo, Yury Agapito; Rodas Carpio, Ermes Ramiro; Vázquez Mosquera, Juan Mesías; Calle Ortiz, Guido Rigoberto; Nieto Escandón, Pedro Emilio; Ayala Guanga, Luis Eduardo; Ortega Herrera, Vanessa Viviana; Dutan Sanango, Jorge Bolivar
Se caracterizó la morfometría de las razas Criollas Encerado, Colorado, Atigrado y Pintado de la región interandina del Ecuador, donde se evaluaron 106 vacas multíparas, edad promedio 5,3±0,19 años, número de partos 2,9±0,21 y condición corporal 3,1±0,11. Para establecer las características morfométricas se analizaron 21 medidas corporales, 4 caracteres de ubre, con el bastón zoométrico, cinta bovinométrica, calibrador, para determinar el peso se utilizó el método de Quetelet; además, 9 variables fanerópticas por observación directa. El análisis estadístico se realizó a través del Paquete Estadístico SPSS®, versión 22, en el cual se analizaron frecuencias, estadígrafos principales, análisis de varianza y chi cuadrado. Para la determinación de los biotipos se aplicó clúster bietápico basado en el color de capa, altura a la cruz, perímetro torácico y peso. Se estableció que el ganado criollo tiene una representatividad del 4% en la zona de estudio. Dentro de este genotipo se establecieron 4 biotipos; Encerada (28%), Colorada (14%), Atigrada (9%) y Pintada (55%), con características morfoestructurales similares entre sí (P>0,05), como altura a la cruz entre 120,9±1,11 - 121,5±0,80cm, peso 334,2±11,13 - 356,0±23,33kg; perímetro torácico 163,39±1,79 - 168,33±3,43cm y perímetro de caña 16,0 ±0,34 - 17,2 ±0,67cm. Los biotipos Encerada y Pintada presentaron tendencia lechera (96,4%) con un perfil rectilíneo de 75,0% y 88,5% respectivamente y proporciones longilíneas, superiores al 92,9%, a diferencia de la Colorada (42,9%) y Atigrada (33,3%) con un perfil convexilineo y caracteres de producción mixta de 14,3% y 33,3% para cada uno de ellos. Se concluye que los biotipos criollos tienen tendencia productiva lechera y doble propósito y la única diferencia entre ellos es el color de capa.
Competencia del ovocito bovino obtenido por ovum pick-up valorado mediante el azul brillante de cresilo
(2018) Ayala Guanga, Luis Eduardo; Samaniego Campoverde, Jorge Xavier; Nieto Escandón, Pedro Emilio; Rodas Carpio, Ermes Ramiro; Dután Sanango, Jorge Bolívar; Calle Ortiz, Guido Rigoberto; Murillo Apolo, Yury Agapito; Vázquez Mosquera, Juan Mesías; Argudo Garzón, Daniel Ernesto; Perea Ganchou, Fernando Pedro
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the bright blue cresyl (BCB) test as an indirect method to select competent oocytes for the in vitro production of embryos (IVP). The cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) were obtained from two Creole heifers subjected to two treatments: T1 = COC recovered by OPU (ovum pick-up) previous stimulation with FSH-LH; T2 = COC recovered from non-stimulated animals (control).The two heifers were alternated in the two treatments and five repetitions were done. Recovered COCs were classified into types A, B, C and D. Then the BCB test was applied to each of the COC types to determine if they were BCB+ or BCB-. T1 allowed to recover 5.2 more COC than T2 (p<0.05). When applying the BCB test, it was determined that all type A oocytes of T1 and T2 were BCB+; that is, they finished their growth and were ready to start the process of in vitro maturation; however, about 50% of the type B, C and D COCs of T1 and T2 were BCB+. It is concluded that the selection of COC based on morphological characteristics is a reliable method only for type A and has a 50% error for COC type B, C and D and, therefore, the application of the BCB test allows to improve this selection non-invasively
Dinámica folicular de vaquillas Criollas, al pastoreo en la sierra ecuatoriana
(2018) Ayala Guanga, Luis Eduardo; Rodas Carpio, Ermes Ramiro; Dután Sanango, Jorge Bolívar; Murillo Apolo, Yury Agapito; Vázquez Mosquera, Juan Mesías; Nieto Escandón, Pedro Emilio; Ortega Herrera, Vanessa Viviana; Samaniego Campoverde, Jorge Xavier; Ayala Guanga, Luis Eduardo
El ganado bovino Criollo a nivel mundial está catalogado en peligro de extinción. En los últimos años este tipo de animales han sido reemplazados por ganado lechero especializado, sin considerar la rusticidad, adaptabilidad y resistencia a ciertas enfermedades, así como el desconocimiento de las características fisiológicas como la dinámica folicular, número de folículos reclutados por onda, concentraciones de hormonas esteroideas, entre otras; las cuales no han permitido la conservación y multiplicación de este material genético criollo, razón por lo cual el objetivo fue caracterizar el patrón de comportamiento de la dinámica folicular en vaquillas Criollas al pastoreo en la sierra Ecuatoriana. Se realizó en la granja experimental Irquis de la Universidad de Cuenca, a una altitud de 2650msnm durante el año 2016. Se evaluó el ciclo estral de 9 vaquillas Criollas con peso promedio de 243,3±45,0 kg; CC 2,5±0,4, escala 1-5 puntos y edad 19,9±4,8 meses. Se realizaron ecografías diarias durante un ciclo estral. Cada 48h se determinó los niveles de Progesterona (P4). Se estableció un patrón de dos y tres ondas foliculares (44,4 y 55,6% respectivamente). El promedio de duración del ciclo estral fue de 20,3±0,03 días (dos ondas) y de 23,6±0,02 días (tres ondas). El tamaño del folículo preovulatorio (FPO) fue de 15,3±0,04mm para animales de dos ondas y para las de tres ondas 13,8±1,48mm. El folículo subordinado (FS) alcanzó su máximo tamaño el día 4,0±0,04, con 8,0±0,04mm (dos ondas) y 4,8±0,03 días con 7,4±0,03mm (tres ondas). El desarrollo del cuerpo lúteo (CL) presentó tres fases: crecimiento (hasta el día 6), estática (6-18 días) y regresión (>18 días). En el día 12 el CL alcanzó su mayor tamaño 21,7±1,45mm y 23,5±0,61mm para animales de dos y tres ondas respectivamente. La P4 alcanzó niveles superiores a 1ng/ml a partir del día 4 (5,8±3,35ng/ml dos ondas y 5,1±1,15ng/ml tres ondas). Los niveles de P4 durante el ciclo estral fueron más altos que los reportados en razas diferentes. En conclusión, las vaquillas de genotipo Criollo poseen características propias, las cuales se ven influenciadas por el patrón de comportamiento folicular (dos o tres ondas).
Efecto de la grasa bypass sobre la reactivación ovárica postparto en vacas holstein friesian mestizas con condición corporal diferente
(2018) Ayala Guanga, Luis Eduardo; Aguilar Campoverde, Nelson Adrian; Nieto Escandón, Pedro Emilio; Rodas Carpio, Ermes Ramiro; Dután Sanango, Jorge Bolívar; Murillo Apolo, Yury Agapito; Vázquez Mosquera, Juan Mesías; Samaniego Campoverde, Jorge Xavier
The effect of bypass fat on productive and reproductive parameters in crossbred Holstein Friesian cows with different body condition (CC) was the objective of the study. Four treatments were analyzed: T1 (n=10) CC> 3.5 without fat bypass; T2 (n=10) CC> 3.5 with bypass grease; T3 (n=10) CC <2.5 without fat bypass and T4 (n=10) CC <2.5 with bypass fat. The CC and weight were evaluated on the 25th day before, at delivery and postpartum until day 65. Milk production was determined during the first two months of lactation. Ovarian reactivation was assessed by ultrasonography once a week. The first postpartum estrus (1CPP), preovulatory follicle (FPO), corpus luteum (CL) and progesterone levels (P4) at day 7 were evaluated. The first delivery interval (IPPS) and the number of inseminations per pregnancy (IA/P). Uterine health (SU) was determined at day 35 postpartum. A mixed linear model was used for the statistical analysis using the MIXED procedure. The T1 cows lost more CC than the other treatments (P <0.05); however, T2, T3 and T4 presented no difference (P> 0.05). Animals that received fat bypass (T2 and T4) lost less weight (P <0.05) compared to T1 and T3. T2 cows produced more milk (P <0.05) than T1, T3 and T4 animals. T2 presented less polymorph nuclear (8.12%), compared to T1, T3 and T4 (P <0.05). The number of IA/P used in T2 was lower (1.69) than T1, T3 and T4 (2.9, 2.5 and 2.5 respectively) (P <0.05). The CPI was reduced to 73.6 days in T2 and its P4 levels were higher (6.06 ng/ml), determining differences with the other treatments. The addition of fat bypass in the basal diet of lactating cows improved the productive and reproductive parameters.
Estudio exploratorio sobre la presencia de contaminantes en leche cruda proveniente de la cuenca lechera del Tarqui de la Sierra Sur Ecuatoriana
(2017) Serpa Garcia, Victor Guillermo
The present survey aimed to define the presence of contaminants in the raw milk of ten collection centers, with a reception capacity between 2,000 and 10,000 liters, situated in seven cantons of the Province of Azuay. Ninety samples were collected during three visits to each of the collection centers during the months of July and August 2016. In each sample the presence of antibiotics, hydrogen peroxide and neutralizers was analyzed by means of rapid diagnostic tests accredited in the food safety laboratory of AGROCALIDAD, an official institution of quality control. For the detection of antibiotics, a Trisensor® kit with validated sensitivity, applied worldwide, was used to detect and evaluate the level of three antibiotic families: beta-lactams, sulfonamides and tetracyclines, versus the maximum permissible limits in the Codex Alimentarius. The detection of hydrogen peroxide was performed by Test M-Quant™ measuring a range between 0.5 to 25 mg per liter of milk. The presence of neutralizers was determined by the alizarin method according to NTE NTE INEN 10:2012. 141,500 liters of raw milk were analyzed of which 64.7% were not fit for human consumption for the presence of one or more of the studied substances according to the NTE INEN Standard 9:2012 and the Codex Alimentarius. 13.3% of the samples were positive for beta-lactam antibiotics, but sulfonamides and tetracyclines was not detected. Besides 16.4% of the raw milk was adulterated with hydrogen peroxide and 60% with neutralizers.
Estudio exploratorio sobre la presencia de contaminantes en leche cruda proveniente de la cuenca lechera del Tarqui de la sierra sur ecuatoriana
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2017) Ortíz A., Maira; Rosales Jaramillo, Cornelio Alejandro; Aguilar Valladares, Yolanda Mercedes; Murillo Apolo, Yury Agapito; Serpa García, Víctor Guillermo; Paguay N., Tatania; Coronel A., Angel G.
The present survey aimed to define the presence of contaminants in the raw milk of ten collection centers, with a reception capacity between 2,000 and 10,000 liters, situated in seven cantons of the Province of Azuay. Ninety samples were collected during three visits to each of the collection centers during the months of July and August 2016. In each sample the presence of antibiotics, hydrogen peroxide and neutralizers was analyzed by means of rapid diagnostic tests accredited in the food safety laboratory of AGROCALIDAD, an official institution of quality control. For the detection of antibiotics, a Trisensor® kit with validated sensitivity, applied worldwide, was used to detect and evaluate the level of three antibiotic families: beta-lactams, sulfonamides and tetracyclines, versus the maximum permissible limits in the Codex Alimentarius. The detection of hydrogen peroxide was performed by Test M-Quant™ measuring a range between 0.5 to 25 mg per liter of milk. The presence of neutralizers was determined by the alizarin method according to NTE NTE INEN 10:2012. 141,500 liters of raw milk were analyzed of which 64.7% were not fit for human consumption for the presence of one or more of the studied substances according to the NTE INEN Standard 9:2012 and the Codex Alimentarius. 13.3% of the samples were positive for beta-lactam antibiotics, but sulfonamides and tetracyclines was not detected. Besides 16.4% of the raw milk was adulterated with hydrogen peroxide and 60% with neutralizers
Patrón de comportamiento de las características físico-químicas de la leche en tres tipos de ganaderías
(2019) Angamarca Espinoza, Marcos Antonio; Murillo Apolo, Yury Agapito
The objective of this research was to determine the pattern of behavior of the physical-chemical characteristics of raw milk in livestock corresponding to the Andean area of the province of Azuay. For which 30 farms were sampled, 10 large farms (> 50ha), 10 medium (6ha - 50ha) and 10 small (<5ha) all of Holstein Friesen cows for 6 months. A total of 1381 samples of raw milk were analyzed, of which 834 were from large cattle raising, 337 from medium cattle raising and 210 from small cattle raising. The fat, SNG, total solids, density, cryoscopic point, pH, minerals, water and somatic cell count (CCS) were analyzed to establish the quality of the raw milk in relation to the size of the livestock through these parameters. This research was conducted in the laboratory of Lactology of the Career of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of the University of Cuenca. The study developed was quasiexperimental and the results obtained were recorded in the Excel database to be evaluated in the SPSS program through the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results found in terms of CCS showed statistical difference between small and large herds compared to medium-sized farms that had a lower CCS. Regarding the physical-chemical characteristics of raw milk, the data found did not show significant statistical difference in relation to the size of the herds. The evaluated values are in the range established by the NTE INEN 9: 2012.
Prevalencia de mastitis subclínica en ganado bovino lechero de la zona occidental de la provincia del Azuay
(2017) Coronel Samaniego, Diana Isabel; Espinosa Suárez, Mónica Isabel; Murillo Apolo, Yury Agapito
The objective of this research is to determine the prevalence of bovine subclinical mastitis (MSC) in 4 cantons of the western part of the province of Azuay: Girón, San Fernando, Santa Isabel and Pucará, 9.652 mammary quarters of 2,413 cows belonging at 425 cattle raising were analyzed. For the assessment of the MSC, the test of california mastitis test (CMT) was performed and for interpreting the classification of Gomez, et al., (2014) was used, negative, light (+), moderate (++) and abundant (+++). In addition; analyzed the relationship of the MSC with the variables: altitude, size of the UPA, type and frequency of milking, activities pre and post-milking, grazing system, volume of production herd/day, days of lactation, age and number of childbearings. The information of the above-mentioned variables were obtained through surveys applied to owners of farms. The prevalence of MSC analyzed per cow was 42,1%. To assess total quarters was determined a 21,2% prevalence. There was no interaction (P>0,05) between the prevalence of MSC with different quarters. Significant relationship was found (P<0,05) between the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and factors: size UPA (>30 animals), grazing system (electric fence), altitude (>3000 m. s. n. m), production (>425 litres//day), stage of lactation (third third), age (>5 years), parity (>3 births), system milking (mechanical). The analysis of principal components (ACP) established 5 components that explained 61,92 % of the entire variance
Producción de leche como respuesta a la fertilización y riego en ganaderías de ecosistemas andinos en Ecuador.
(2018) Guevara Viera, Raúl Victorino; Nieto Escandón, Pedro Emilio; Torres Inga, Carlos Santiago; Guevara Viera, Guillermo Emilio; Aguilar Valladares, Yolanda Mercedes; Serpa García, Víctor Guillermo; Once Yanza, Mariela Alexandra; López Alvarado, Diego Andrés; Ayala Guanga, Luis Eduardo; Murillo Apolo, Yury Agapito; Lascano Armas, Paola Jael; Arcos Álvarez, Cristian Neptali; Carmilema Asmal, Johny Fernando; Curbelo Rodríguez, Lino Miguel
In order to evaluate the effect of fertilizer and irrigation applications on milk production in Andean farms in Ecuador, a study was carried out on 535 farms with an altitude of 2550 m and temperatures between 7 and 25 ° C in montane ecosystems (Montano, Montano Alto and Montano Low). Factors such as fertilization and irrigation and the production of milk with a botanical composition of Ryegrass - Kikuyo as grasses and Clover White and Red as legumes were considered. The milk production was taken from the records corresponding to the day after the occupation of the paddock. A simple ADEVA was applied within each ecosystem. The dry matter availability of the grass was between 1.65 t / ha in Montano Bajo and 2.81 t / ha in Montano Alto. There were significant differences (P <0.05) in milk yields in Montano and Montano Alto with fertilized pastures (6.5 and 9.7 kg / cow) compared to lower values in non - fertilized. In relation to irrigation effects, significant differences (P <0.05) were in favor of sprinkler irrigation in Montano and Montano Alto with 8.7 and 10.8 kg / cow and higher values in production / ha. It was concluded that the responses in milk yield to fertilizer and sprinkler irrigation were significant (P <0.05) in the Montano and Montano Alto ecosystems compared to Low Montano, with values between 6,5 and 8,7 and 9,7 and 10 , 8 kg / cow / day and higher yields per area, explained by the greater availability of dry matter of the pasture in both ecosystems as an effect of applied agro technical activities
Relación del número de partos, edad y la morfoestructura del genotipo Holstein en la Provincia del Azuay
(2017) Ortega Herrera, Vanessa Viviana; Pesántez Carmona, José Luis; Pesántez Campoverde, Manuel Teodoro; Guevara Viera, Raúl Victorino; Guevara Viera, Guillermo Emilio; Dután Sanango, Jorge Bolívar; Ayala Rodríguez, Lorena Estefania; Murillo Apolo, Yury Agapito; Calle Ortiz, Guido Rigoberto; Samaniego Campoverde, Jorge Xavier; Bustamante Ordóñez, Jorge Gualberto; Vanegas Cabrera, Raúl Alejandro; Serpa García, Víctor Guillermo; Rodas Carpio, Ermes Ramiro; Nieto Escandón, Pedro Emilio; Vázquez Mosquera, Juan Mesías; Andrade Guzmán, Omar Santiago