Browsing by Author "Guallpa Guallpa, Mario Xavier"

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Análisis del comportamiento hidrológico y estado actual del recurso hídrico en las cuencas del río Tomebamba y Yanuncay durante el año 2015
(2017) Condo Carabajo, Alvaro Santiago; Juela Palomeque, Mauro Esteban; Célleri Alvear, Rolando Enrique; Guallpa Guallpa, Mario Xavier
Andean natural ecosystems such as the paramo and high altitude montane forest are the main water supply sources for the Ecuadorian Andean region. These ecosystems maintain surface water flows throughout the year and provide good quality water to the people who make use of this resource in river basins. The insufficient and incomplete information about the hydrological services of these high-elevation ecosystems limits effective conservation and long-term management efforts. In this sense, the study is focused on analyzing the hydrological behavior of the Tomebamba and Yanuncay rivers. That is, with a view to better management and management of the water resource and with the objective of promoting conservation. For this purpose, one year of rainfall data at thirteen stations was recorded, from January to December of 2015. In order to analyze hydrological behavior, different hydrological indexes were determined, based on what was proposed by the Regional initiative for the Hydrological Monitoring of Andean Ecosystems - iMHEA. We also used the WETSPRO model to separate flows. The results of the study allowed to bring about knew knowledge on the availability of water resources in the basins differences and similarities in the hydrological behavior of the rivers, were determined and will be used for future decision making in watershed conservation.
Análisis del rendimiento hídrico en cuencas de alta montaña en los Andes Ecuatorianos
(2018) Belesaca Zhunio, Katherine Daniela; Peláez Palacios, Katherine Isabel; Timbe Castro, Edison Patricio; Guallpa Guallpa, Mario Xavier
The basins of the tropical Andes comprise a variety of ecosystems, among which are Andean forests and paramo areas. The importance of these Andean ecosystems lies in the provision of environmental services. Particularly, the water supply in the Paute river basin, located in the southeastern foothills of the Ecuadorian Andes, depends on the state of conservation of the ecosystems that form its watersheds. On the other hand, the hydrological response of the mountain basins can also be controlled by physiographic factors such as soil type, vegetation cover and morphometric characteristics. In this context, the present study aims to increase the information on the role played the characteristics of the landscape on the hydrological functioning of Andean ecosystems. To reach the objective, the effects of the variability of the physical parameters and morphometric parameters in the hydric yield of the nested micro-basins of the sub-basins of the Machángara, Tomebamba and Yanuncay rivers. For the basins studied, the morphometric parameters that described most of the variability of water yield were: altitude, area, compactness coefficient, average slope of the basin, concentration time and drainage density; in this sense, the most representative water performance indicators were: runoff coefficient, maximum flow, real evapotranspiration, 65th percentile; while the indicators of water regulation were: the percentages of base flow relationship Q90/Q10, and the slope of the flow duration curve. The variability observed in the generation of runoff can also be explained due to the vegetation cover and the use of the soil
Análisis espacio-temporal meteorológico en una cuenca andina tropical del sur de Ecuador
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2020-11-19) Cárdenas Campoverde, Henry Paúl; Urgilés Ávila, Cindy Carolina; Avilés Añazco, Alex Manuel; Guallpa Guallpa, Mario Xavier
This research project focused on the search for patterns and analysis of interrelationships between meteorological variables (precipitation, air temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, global solar radiation, wind speed and wind direction) on a spatial and temporal scale in an Andean basin in southern Ecuador. Moreover, the performance of meteorological satellite products from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather and Forecasting (ECMWF) on hourly, daily, and monthly scale for each variable was determined. Hourly data was available recorded in thirty weather stations from two networks: Empresa Municipal de Telecomunicaciones, Agua Potable y Saneamiento (ETAPA-EP), and Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (UPS). First, data quality assessment and Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) were developed. Filling missing data was conducted using Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE). Unsupervised classification was applied through clustering for spatial analysis of meteorological data. Using the meteorological datasets, altitudinal variations of each meteorological variable were determined. Regarding temporal analysis, time series profiles for different scales were constructed and analyzed, also, extreme events of temperature and precipitation were identified. Results demonstrated the behavior and associations of meteorological variables in space and time. Finally, hopeful performances of ERA5 and ERA5-Land satellite meteorological products were found compared to weather station observations.
Efecto de advección sobre la acumulación de lluvia espacialmente distribuida usando imágenes de un radar meteorológico
(2019-04-04) Guallpa Guallpa, Mario Xavier; Orellana Alvear, Johanna Marlene; Célleri Alvear, Rolando Enrique
Weather radar networks are an excellent tool for Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE), due to their high resolution in space and time, particularly in remote mountain areas such as the Tropical Andes. Nevertheless, the reduction of the temporal and spatial resolution might severely reduce the quality of QPE. Thus, the main objective of this study was to analyze the impact of spatial and temporal resolution of radar data on the cumulative QPE. For this, data from the world's highest X-band weather radar (4450 m a.s.l.) located in the Andes of Ecuador (Paute river basin) and from a rain gauge network were used. Different time resolution (1-, 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, 30- and 60-min) and spatial resolutions (0.5, 0.25 and 0.1 km) were evaluated. An optical flow method was validated for eleven rainfall events (with different features) and applied to enhance the temporal resolution of radar data to 1-min intervals. The results show that 1-min temporal resolution images are able to capture in detail rain event features. The radar-rain gauge correlation decreases considerably when the time resolution increases (r from 0.69 to 0.31 for time resolution from 1-min to 60-min). No significant difference was found in the total water volume (3%) calculated with the three spatial resolutions data. Spatial resolution of 0.5 km on radar imagery is suitable to quantify rainfall in the mountain Andes.
Efecto de la incertidumbre de las observaciones hidrometeorológicas en estudios hidrológicos (Zhurucay, Soldados y Mazar)
(2013) Guallpa Guallpa, Mario Xavier; Célleri Alvear, Rolando Enrique
In recent decades a number of hydrological models of different complexity have been developed to ensure the accuracy of hydrological studies. Yet very few hydrologists question the data quality used in the studies. Therefore, this thesis is aimed at determining the effect of hydrometeorological observations on hydrological studies. In particular, the study of how does the atmospheric pressure data recorded by automatic sensors, affects the water level measurement in small streams. It also examines the effect of sensors temperature records (T) and relative humidity records (RH) on estimating reference evapotranspiration (ETo) calculated with the Thornthwaite, Hargreaves and FAO Penman Monteith (PM) methods. The study was done with the sensors of hydrological and meteorological stations installed in the ecohydrological observatories of Zhurucay and Soldados (páramos ecosystems – 3200 to 4200 m a.s.l.), and Mazar (montane forest – 2600 to 3500 m a.s.l.), located in the southern Ecuadorian Andes. The results reveal that the atmospheric pressure estimation using linear regressions is efficient compared to the observed values, with Nash - Sutclife coefficients greater than 0.71, and that leads to calculated flow rate errors below 5%. Moreover, the discharge coefficients of weirs determined by gauging differ from theoretical values by up to 15%, which significantly affects the calculation of flow rates. Regarding the ETo estimated with the Penman Monteith method, the results reveal that the RH has a greater effect (65 %) in the calculation of the ETo than T (35 %). For a daily temperature error of -1.07 ° C, the effect is greater for the Hargreaves method (0.24 mm/day) than for PM (0.148 mm/day). With the same error of T (-1.07° C) in the calculation of ETo, the effect is smaller for the Thornthwaite method (0.832 mm/month) than for the Hargreaves (6.12 mm/month) and Penman Monteith (6.27 mm/month) methods. In general conclusion, it is important to consider the quality of the data with which we work, to obtain correct results and make informed decisions about the water resources management. It is suggested to ensure that the records are within precision established ranges before installing the sensors.
Efecto del coeficiente teórico de descarga de vertederos sobre la medición de caudales en pequeños ríos andinos
(2022) Crespo Sánchez, Patricio Javier; Guallpa Guallpa, Mario Xavier; Célleri Alvear, Rolando Enrique
Andean ecosystems provide important hydrological services for downstream communities. Due to this importance, several hydrological studies have been carried out in recent years, with emphasis on hydrological processes identification and land use change impacts. In several studies, but also for the operation of small-scale irrigation and drinking water projects, small streams have been equipped with compound, sharp-crested weirs for discharge estimation. To transform the water level (stage) into a discharge (water rate), weir equations use theoretical discharge coefficients, which do not necessarily apply under the actual field conditions, mainly site fluviomorphology and weir construction aspects, introducing uncertainty in their measurements. Therefore, this study analyzes the effect of using theoretical coefficients instead of adjusted coefficients in field. The study was conducted on 9 micro-catchments (0,2 − 7,53km2 ) located in the Zhurucay Ecohydrological Observatory in the paramo of southern Ecuador. To calibrate the coefficients, discharge curves were generated by mechanical and salt-dilution gauging methods. Results revealed that the discharge coefficients differed from their theoretical value by up to 15% for triangular (V-notch) weir section (DCvn) and by up to 41% for rectangular weir section (DCr). The DCvn affects 4 times more in low and medium discharges estimation than DCvn in high discharges. On the other hand, salt-dilution method is more precise for medium and high discharges, but at very low discharges, it overestimates discharge up to 10%. Overall, results suggest that it is essential to calibrate the discharge coefficients in the field to avoid errors in hydrological studies
Tropical Andes radar precipitation estimates need high temporal and moderate spatial resolution
(2019) Orellana Alvear, Johanna Marlene
Weather radar networks are an excellent tool for quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE), due to their high resolution in space and time, particularly in remote mountain areas such as the Tropical Andes. Nevertheless, reduction of the temporal and spatial resolution might severely reduce the quality of QPE. Thus, the main objective of this study was to analyze the impact of spatial and temporal resolutions of radar data on the cumulative QPE. For this, data from the world’s highest X-band weather radar (4450 m a.s.l.), located in the Andes of Ecuador (Paute River basin), and from a rain gauge network were used. Different time resolutions (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 60 min) and spatial resolutions (0.5, 0.25, and 0.1 km) were evaluated. An optical flow method was validated for 11 rainfall events (with different features) and applied to enhance the temporal resolution of radar data to 1-min intervals. The results show that 1-min temporal resolution images are able to capture rain event features in detail. The radar−rain gauge correlation decreases considerably when the time resolution increases (r from 0.69 to 0.31, time resolution from 1 to 60 min). No significant difference was found in the rain total volume (3%) calculated with the three spatial resolution data. A spatial resolution of 0.5 km on radar imagery is suitable to quantify rainfall in the Andes Mountains. This study improves knowledge on rainfall spatial distribution in the Ecuadorian Andes, and it will be the basis for future hydrometeorological studies.