Browsing by Author "Carvajal Endara, Andrea Soledad"

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Afecciones orales en pacientes con cuidado paliativo, atendidos en FASEC. Enero - junio 2025. Cuenca, Ecuador
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-09-18) Jimbo Pineda, Carolina Estefanía; Quizhpi Zatisaval, Geovanny Matías; Carvajal Endara, Andrea Soledad
Background: patients receiving palliative care present various conditions in the oral cavity due to a weakened immune and physical state. A large proportion of them lose the ability to express their symptoms, making timely identification of these conditions essential. Objective: to determine the prevalence of oral conditions in palliative care patients treated at FASEC, from January to June 2025, in Cuenca, Ecuador. Methodology: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of oral conditions in palliative care patients admitted to FASEC. Observers were trained and calibrated prior to data collection. Information was gathered through clinical oral examination and questionnaire. For statistical analysis, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used, and data were presented using frequency and central tendency measures. Results: the prevalence of the following oral conditions was identified: hyposalivation (80%), xerostomia (93,33%), dysphagia (33,33%), codes 2, 3, and 4 of the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (100%), and dental caries (100%). Less frequent oral manifestations included mucositis (46,67%), edentulism (40%), and candidiasis (26,67%). Conclusions: the high prevalence of oral cavity conditions highlights the importance of incorporating continuous dental care within the comprehensive management of patients in palliative care. This approach should prioritize both prevention and timely treatments tailored to individual needs, with the goal of preserving oral health and improving the quality of life for this population.
Biomarcadores inflamatorios de periodontitis en fumadores de cigarrillos electrónicos. Una revisión exploratoria
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-09-22) Jiménez Cuenca, Adriana Yamileth; Cordero Romero, Carlos Emilio; Carvajal Endara, Andrea Soledad
Background: Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease of multifactorial origin, may be modulated by the use of electronic cigarettes, reflecting its impact on the levels of inflammatory biomarkers. Objective: to select and analyze the current scientific evidence regarding variations in the levels of periodontitis biomarkers in e-cigarette smoking patients. Methods: we included studies that evaluated periodontitis biomarkers in crevicular fluid and saliva of e-cigarette smoking patients. Results: it was found that the use of electronic cigarettes alters the levels of certain biomarkers of inflammation compared to non-smoking patients, increasing the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-15, IL-18,IL-6, MMP-8 and CTX and reducing the levels of IL-10 and IL-1RA. Conclusion: the use of electronic cigarettes alters the levels of certain biomarkers of inflammation compared to non-smoking patients, supporting the hypothesis that their use represents an increased risk for periodontitis.
Diagnóstico clínico periodontal en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 y tipo 2 atendidos en las Fundaciones DONUM y la Casa de la Diabetes de la ciudad de Cuenca en el periodo: enero a julio de 2015
(2015) Macas Malla, Luisa Gianella; Avila Guazha, Julio Andrés; Carvajal Endara, Andrea Soledad
Diabetes constitutes a group of disorders characterized by a state of hyperglycemia that affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, due to the secretion and / or abnormal insulin action. Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supportive tissues of the teeth; Being these two pathologies of high prevalence worldwide. It has been demonstrated that diabetes and periodontal disease have a bidirectional relation. Periodontal diagnosis and glycosylated hemoglobin test were realized in 101 patients with diabetes type 1 and type 2. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to determine the periodontal clinical diagnosis in patients with Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2 and relate it to the degree of metabolic control. RESULTS: It was found that 14.9% of diabetic patients presented gingivitis and 85.1% presented periodontitis, no patient had periodontal health and it was found a statistically significant difference between poor metabolic control and periodontal disease p = 0.016. CONCLUSION: A worse metabolic control, worse is the severity of periodontal disease, for which the interaction dentist-doctor should be strengthened to provide a better quality of life for diabetic patients
Efecto de la educación 3D en pacientes con gingivitis que asisten a la Clínica de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Cuenca
(2017) Paca Zhingre, Kahita Paola; Ortiz González, Johanna Leticia; Carvajal Endara, Andrea Soledad
Background: Patient´s education and motivation are an essential component of gingivitis treatment. A good communication with the patient allows the understanding of the characteristics of this pathology, its progression, treatment and prevention. Objective: To evaluate patients with gingivitis using 3D animations with conventional education and motivation to see If it’s more effective than conventional education and motivation by itself. Methods: 62 patients older than 14 years were evaluated and diagnosed of gingivitis induced by bacterial plaque. These patients were treated in the clinic of Periodontology of Dentistry Faculty at Cuenca University and they were assigned sequentially in study and control groups who received or not motivation through 3D videos, respectively. Both groups received conventional motivation. They were evaluated before and after periodontal treatment; also in their clinical condition and in their level of knowledge and habits about oral health care. Results: This study has found statistically significant difference among the groups evaluated (p=0.008) after the basic periodontal therapy, because it has obtained that 3D animations combined with conventional motivation are more effective in the retention of knowledge by patient. All the clinical parameters and attitudes about oral health in both groups were similar, there isn´t a statistical significance. Conclusions: After the application of two methods, videos with 3D animations combined with conventional motivation are more effective. It achieves a better understanding of the cause, the treatment and the effect of the gingivitis and it should be used as a frequently educational method
Efecto de la quimioterapia sistémica y radioterapia local, sobre tejidos de la cavidad bucal. Hospital de SOLCA. Cuenca 200-2001
(2001) Carvajal Endara, Andrea Soledad; Cabrera Maldonado, Leonardo Flavio; Abad Coronel, Dunia Elizabeth
Efecto del tratamiento periodontal no quirúrgico en el control de la artritis reumatoide
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022-09-29) Gualpa Bustamante, Karen Priscila; Álvarez Calle, María Del Rocío; Carvajal Endara, Andrea Soledad
Periodontitis is a non-communicable chronic inflammatory pathology of microbial etiology, which results in loss of periodontal attachment. Rheumatoid arthritis - RA - is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease. Periodontitis and RA share similar humoral and cellular immune responses and a common immunogenic profile; both conditions can bidirectionally influence the systemic burden of inflammation. Nonsurgical periodontal treatment -NSPT-for periodontitis may have beneficial effects on RA disease activity. Objective: to identify the available scientific evidence on the impact of NSPT in periodontitis on the control of RA disease activity. Methodology: narrative review of the literature; 10 publications in English -from 2009 to 2021- were selected from the PUBMED, COCHRANE and WILEY scientific databases; information on the impact of NSPT on periodontitis in patients with RA was identified; the results were expressed in text and a summary table. Results: The NSPT of periodontitis had an impact on the decrease in the activity of the RA disease. The most used disease activity index in patients with RA was the DAS28. NSPT improved the clinical parameters of periodontitis. For all this, dental care and periodontal treatment are necessary in the multidisciplinary management of patients with RA.
Effect of nonsurgical periodontal treatment in the control of rheumatoid arthritis
(2022) Gualpa Bustamante, Karen Priscila
Periodontitis is a non communicable chronic inflammatory pathology of microbial etiology, which results in loss of periodontal attachment. Rheumatoid arthritis -RA- is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease. Periodontitis and RA share similar humoral and cellular immune responses and a common immunogenic profile; both conditions can bidirectionally influence the systemic burden of inflammation. Nonsurgical periodontal treatment -NSPT- for periodontitis may have beneficial effects on RA disease activity. Objective: to identify the available scientific evidence on the impact of NSPT in periodontitis on the control of RA disease activity. Methodology: narrative review of the literature; 10 publications in English -from 2009 to 2021- were selected from the PUBMED, COCHRANE and WILEY scientific databases; information on the impact of NSPT on periodontitis in patients with RA was identified; the results were expressed in text and a summary table. Results: The NSPT of periodontitis had an impact on the decrease in the activity of the RA disease. The most used disease activity index in patients with RA was the DAS28. NSPT improved the clinical parameters of periodontitis. For all this, dental care and periodontal treatment are necessary in the multidisciplinary management of patients with RA.
El papel de odontólogo ante la diabetes mellitus
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2010-07) Carvajal Endara, Andrea Soledad
Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to a deficiency in the secretion and / or action of insulin. Diabetes may affect various organs such as the eyes, kidneys, heart, nerves and blood ves- seis. Vascular changes in the oral cavity predispose in- dividuáis with diabetes to periodontal disease, delayed wound healing,and opportunisticinfections.Treatment of diabetes aims at the reduction of blood glucose le- véis to avoid the complications mentioned above. Part of this treatment ineludes dental care to prevent and treat conditions of the oral cavity, thereby ¡mproving the quality of life of diabetics. This paper aims to guide the dental professional through the unique needs and standard of care for their patients with Diabetes Melli- tus.
La Porphyromonas gingivalis como vínculo entre la periodontitis y la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Revisión narrativa de literatura
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2023-10-04) Peralta Avila, Andrea Nicole; Carvajal Endara, Andrea Soledad
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders in the world and has been listed as a global public health priority by the WHO. There is currently no effective treatment for the disease and its cause is still unknown. In recent years, attempts have been made to explain the etiological mechanisms of AD, one proposed hypothesis is the spread of oral microorganisms such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) to brain tissue in patients with periodontitis. However, this possible causal relationship remains unclear. Objective: to present the role of Pg as a link between periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease based on a literature review of publications from the last 5 years. Materials and methods: search of publications in the following databases: PubMed, SpringerLink, Scientific Direct, Scielo. Results: 19 scientific articles were included of which animal and molecular studies determine that, Pg infection increased the production of inflammatory mediators, thus causing an increase in the production of Aβ (beta amyloid) and subsequently, neurodegeneration compatible with AD; however, no clear relationship has been established in human studies. Conclusion: the effect of Pg on the development of neuroinflammation has been demonstrated; however, further large-scale studies and longitudinal follow-up in humans are needed to better establish the relationship between periodontitis and AD.
Melanosis Gingival: diagnóstico y terapéutica de su implicación estética. Revisión de la literatura
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2020-11-16) Cantos Tello, Paola Michelle; Osorio Ayala, Lesly Damaris; Carvajal Endara, Andrea Soledad
Gingival hyperpigmentation is produced by excessive melanin deposit, generating a dark gum coloring. Although it does not constitute a health issue, in some cases it usually represents an aesthetic problem that can affect psychologically, for which there are currently several treatment alternatives such as: surgery with scalpel, laser therapy, abrasion, cryosurgery, electrosurgery, among others. The aim of this literature review was to analyze the available information about gingival melanosis and the therapeutics that can be applied to improve the appearance of patients with this condition. Articles in English and Spanish, published during the period 2000-2020 in the PubMed, Medline, Scielo, Cochrane and Lilacs databases, were reviewed. It was concluded that the selection of the technique will depend on each particular case, however, the laser is the most relevant.
Prevalence of gingival enlargement in patients with fixed orthodontic aparatology. A cross-sectional observational study.
(2021) Solíz, Mónica Alexandra; Ortiz Figueroa, Maria Jose; Carvajal Endara, Andrea Soledad
Gingival enlargement (GE) is an excessive growth of the gum, which causes functional and aesthetic disorders in individuals. Its etiology is closely related to the dental biofilm accumulation; however, other local and systemic factors can modify the response to these irritants, worsening the condition. This study objective is to determine the GE prevalence in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances and its distribution. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 105 patients older than 15 years, attended at the Postgraduate Orthodontic Clinic of the University of Cuenca. A questionnaire provided information on: sex, age, use of mouthwash, prior periodontal treatment, and stationary apparatus time use. A clinical examination was carried out to determine the periodontal biotype, cementation additives material excess, and the probing depth was evaluated with a periodontal probe PCP 11.5. Any value equal to or greater than 3.5mm was considered as GE and classified according to grade and location. As a result, a GE prevalence of 65.7% was found, with a unique statistically significant association between GE and the fixed apparatus time use, where those patients who used it for more than 12 months, had a higher risk (p= 0.0039; OR: 3.42; 95% CI: 1.46-8.02). Grade I GE (papillary) was the most prevalent; vestibular surfaces and lower anterior teeth were the most frequent locations.
Prevalence of gingival enlargement in patients with fixed orthodontic aparatology: a cross-sectional observational study
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2021-07-01) Ortiz Figueroa, María José; Carvajal Endara, Andrea Soledad
Gingival enlargement (GE) is an excessive growth of the gum, which causes functional and aesthetic disorders in individuals. Its etiology is closely related to the dental biofilm accumulation; however, other local and systemic factors can modify the response to these irritants, worsening the condition. This study objective is to determine the GE prevalence in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances and its distribution. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 105 patients older than 15 years, attended at the Postgraduate Orthodontic Clinic of the University of Cuenca. A questionnaire provided information on: sex, age, use of mouthwash, prior periodontal treatment, and time of use of fixed appliances. A clinical examination was carried out to determine the periodontal biotype, cementation additives material excess, and the probing depth was evaluated with a periodontal probe PCP 11.5. Any value equal to or greater than 3.5mm was considered as GE and classified according to grade and location. As a result, a GE prevalence of 65.7% was found, with a unique statistically significant association between GE and the fixed apparatus time use, where those patients who used it for more than 12 months, had a higher risk (p= 0.0039; OR: 3.42; 95% CI: 1.46-8.02). Grade I GE (papillary) was the most prevalent; vestibular surfaces and lower anterior teeth were the most frequent locations
Prevalencia de agrandamiento gingival en pacientes portadores de aparatología de ortodoncia fija. Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Cuenca 2016
(2016) Soliz Carangui, Mónica Alexandra; Carvajal Endara, Andrea Soledad
The gingival enlargement is a common complication in orthodontic treatment. It could appear one or two months after placement of fixed appliances, the etiologic factors are: excess of cements used for othodontic appliances, food impaction, molar bands, and less efficient oral-hygiene maintenance, stress causes by orthodontic forces, anatomical abnormalities, and / or extractions. Objective: Determinate the prevalence of gingival enlargement in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances in Orthodontics Posgraduate, Dentistry School, University of Cuenca. Materials and Methods: 105 subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria for participate in this study, we get information about sex, age, use of dental mouthwashes, periodontal treatment before orthodontic therapy, motivation and previous teaching hygiene, period after cementation of appliances; then, a periodontal examination was done. The probing depth of all permanent teeth was measured using PCP 11.5 periodontal probe. Every value greater than 3.5mm was considered as gingival enlargement, it was classified according to degree and location. (Carranza 2010). Conclusions: AG prevalence was 65.7%, there was no difference in sex prevalence, and the most affected were 16 to 25 years old patients with fixed orthodontics for more than two years, thick periodontal biotype and previous periodontal treatment. The most common AG grade was I (papilar), located in the anterior sector, in the vestibular thooth face
Prevalencia de enfermedad periodontal en mujeres embarazadas y factores asociados. Centro de Salud N°3 Nicanor Merchán. Cuenca, 2017.
(2018) Carvajal Endara, Andrea Soledad; Bravo Calderón, Diego Mauricio; Morales Sanmartín, Jaime Rodrigo
Background: Periodontal disease can start or worsen during pregnancy. Maternal periodontitis can be a risk factor for premature labor and low birth weight. Objective: To determine the prevalence of periodontal disease and related factors in pregnant women who obtained their prenatal care at the Centro de Salud No. 3 Nicanor Merchán in the City of Cuenca. Methodology: An observational, transversal analytical study was carried out. A total of 120 pregnant women were assessed in relation to their demographic, clinical-gynaecological and odontological characteristics, including their periodontal status. The association between periodontal status and clinical-demographic variables was evaluated using the chi-squared test. Odds ratios (ORs) were also calculated, since those variables that showed association were adjusted using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistics. Values of p 0.05 were considered significant. Results: 94.2% of pregnant women displayed periodontal disease (80.53% gingivitis and 19.47% periodontitis). There was a statistically significant association between periodontal disease and the percentage of plaque (p= 0.020) (OR: 9.411; IC 95%:10 – 41.55); as well as, between periodontitis and obesity (p= 0.029; OR: 3.16; IC 95%:13 – 8.84), periodontitis and pregnancy trimester (p= 0.004< OR;5.60 IC 95%: 1.56 – 20.16) and, periodontitis and plaque (p= 0.020; OR: 5.84; IC 95%:1.62 – 21). Conclusion: There exists a high prevalence of periodontal disease in the sample analyzed. This disease is associated with high percentages of plaque. In particular, periodontitis is associated with obesity, second and third pregnancy trimester and high percentages of plaque.
Prevalencia de periodontitis en diabéticos tipo 2 y su asociación con el control metabólico. Estudio transversal. Cuenca-Ecuador
(2022) Macas Malla, Luisa Gianella
Objective: to determine the prevalence of periodontitis in patients with type 2 diabetes and its association with metabolic control in patients who received medical care in two foundations in the city of Cuenca -Ecuador during the period of January-April 2015. Methodology: cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study carried out with 95 patients with type 2 diabetes who were evaluated periodontally and in whom the level of metabolic control of diabetes was identified by means of the glycosylated hemoglobin test; in addition, we inquired about sex, age,duration of diabetes, time elapsed since their last medical check-up. Results: 86.32% of patients with periodontitis were identified, the majority of patients with type 2 diabetes had poor metabolic control (87.36%). A statistically significant association was found between the presence of periodontitis and the degree of metabolic control of diabetes (p=0.003), patients with poorly controlled diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 7.0%) presented a higher risk of presenting periodontitis (OR: 6.67; 95% CI: 1.72-26.08); likewise, a statistically significant association was found between the presence of periodontitis and the duration of diabetes (p=0.013), with a higher risk for patients who have had type 2 diabetes for 10 years or more (OR: 6.064; 95% CI: 1.26-29.08). Conclusion: the prevalence of periodontitis in patients with type 2 diabetes was 86.32%; associations were identified both with poor metabolic control of diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 7.0%) and with type 2 diabetes duration greater than 10 years
Prevalencia de periodontitis en diabéticos tipo 2 y su asociación con el control metabólico. Estudio transversal. Cuenca-Ecuador.
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022-06-02) Espinoza Rodríguez, Mireya Carolina; Carvajal Endara, Andrea Soledad
Objective: to determine the prevalence of periodontitis in patients with type 2 diabetes and its association with metabolic control in patients who received medical care in two foundations in the city of Cuenca - Ecuador during the period of JanuaryApril 2015. Methodology: cross-sectional, descriptive analytical study carried out with 95 patients with type 2 diabetes who were evaluated periodontally and in whom the level of metabolic control of diabetes was identified by means of the glycosylated hemoglobin test; in addition, we inquired about sex, age, duration of diabetes, time elapsed since their last medical check-up. Results: 86.32% of patients with periodontitis were identified, the majority of patients with type 2 diabetes had poor metabolic control (87.36%). A statistically significant association was found between the presence of periodontitis and the degree of metabolic control of diabetes (p=0.003), patients with poorly controlled diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 7.0%) presented a higher risk of presenting periodontitis (OR: 6.67; 95% CI: 1.72-26.08); likewise, a statistically significant association was found between the presence of periodontitis and the duration of diabetes (p=0.013), with a higher risk for patients who have had type 2 diabetes for 10 years or more (OR: 6.064; 95% CI: 1.26-29.08). Conclusion: the prevalence of periodontitis in patients with type 2 diabetes was 86.32%; associations were identified both with poor metabolic control of diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 7.0%) and with type 2 diabetes duration greater than 10 years
Prevalencia de recesión gingival y factores asociados en estudiantes entre 18 y 25 años de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Cuenca, 2015-2016
(2016) Brito Chicaiza, Christian David; Pesántez Chacón, David Patricio; Carvajal Endara, Andrea Soledad
Introduction: The gingival recession (GR) is defined as exposure of the root surface by apical migration of the position of the marginal gingival, which can cause blemishes, dentinal hypersensitivity and root caries. Objective: To determine the prevalence of gingival recession and associated factors in students of the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of Cuenca, in the period 2015- 2016. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study on 131 students aged 18 to 25 who met the inclusion criteria, selected by simple randomization. A clinical examination was carried out and a questionnaire was applied to determine the prevalence of GR and possible associated factors such as, periodontal biotype, modified gingival index, subgingival restorations, oral hygiene, after orthodontics, toothbrushing. Results: The prevalence of GR was 64,1 %; without difference in the gender (64,3 % in males and 64 % females). A statistically significant association was found between vestibular GR a modified gingival index value of 0 (p = 0,04) and the type of toothbrush with medium bristles (p = 0,03). Other factors evaluated showed no significant association. Conclusions: The prevalence of GR was 64,1 %.The most affected teeth were the lower premolars. Of the recessions found the 98% showed Miller class I. According to the dimension in millimeters 83,2 % had 1mm; the vestibular surface was the most affected. Significantly associated factors were the type of toothbrush with medium bristles and modified gingival index value of 0 with vestibular GR
Prevalencia de recesión gingival y factores asociados en estudiantes de odontología. Cuenca - Ecuador
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2016) Pesantez Chacón, David Patricio; Brito Chicaiza, Cristhian David; Carvajal Endara, Andrea Soledad
Gingival recession is the apical displacement of the marginal gingiva, its origin is mul- tifactorial and its presence can trigger several periodontal complications. Previous re- ports have shown that the prevalence of gingival recession fluctuates between 13.7% and 86.9%. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of gingival recession and its associated risk factors among students of the Faculty of Dentistry ofthe University of Cuenca, Ecuador. In addition, we classified recessions according to Miller and described their characteristics.
Reabsorción radicular externa: reporte de tres casos clínicos
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-09-06) Piedra Andrade, Melissa Nicole; Villa Sigchi, Elián Mateo; Carvajal Endara, Andrea Soledad
Background: external root resorption is a physiological or pathological process that causes the loss of dental structure in the external region of the root. If it is pathological, it is due to unwanted and uncontrolled activity of clastic cells, putting the tooth at risk. Its etiology is multifactorial, commonly caused by trauma, parafunctional habits, infection or certain orthodontic treatments. Objective: to report 3 cases of patients diagnosed with external root resorption, with different therapeutic treatments depending on their location and severity. Case reports: the first case involves apical external root resorption in anterior teeth, managed with hygienic and maintenance periodontal therapy; the second case is a tooth with apical external root resorption with advanced loss of architecture of the middle and apical thirds, the treatment was extraction; and the third case is a generalized apical and cervical external tooth resorption in tooth 3.3, with surgical, endodontic and restorative therapy of the tooth and hygienic and maintenance periodontal treatment in the rest of the dentition. Conclusion: it is of utmost importance to perform a complete imaging diagnosis to determine the type and extent of external root resorption. Likewise, to carry out the necessary follow-up imaging during orthodontic treatments, since once this pathology is identified, a comprehensive assessment is required to determine the appropriate treatment, which can range from conservative strategies to extraction.