Browsing by Author "Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth"

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Análisis de la calidad de agua de riego de la junta 54-A y su incidencia en la actividad de los usuarios
(2019-10-03) Andrade Herrera, Christian Javier; Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth
The purpose of this project is to analyze and study the water quality of the irrigation canal that passes through the areas of Checa, Sidcay and Ricaurte (parishes adjacent to the Cuenca canton) through the use of water quality indicators, in order to recommend plans of improvement that prevent the contamination of the irrigation system, improving the water quality and the well-being of the users that consume said resource. This research project is focused on the analysis of certain physical, chemical and microbiological parameters previously studied with the Ministry of Water; where water quality results will be obtained that will serve as a basis for decision-making, awareness, education and continuous improvement criteria that guarantee the health and well-being of the population that uses this surface water source, considering that it is a well from which hundreds of citizens benefit. The data were analyzed in such a way that graphs were developed that denote how certain pollutants in the water vary over time and distance, where key points of contamination have been identified for which possible solutions have been proposed for the partners who use this Water source for your day to day.
Análisis y cuantificación de metales pesados (Cd, As, Pb Y Hg) en agua y sedimentos del embalse Mazar – proyecto hidroeléctrico Mazar
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022-11-22) Molleturo Bermeo, Violeta Isabel; Molleturo Bermeo, Luis Alejandro; Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth
The purpose of this project is the detection of heavy metals (Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury and Lead), in water and sediment samples of the Mazar reservoir. The study site is located between the Sacre and Chaullayacu sectors, in the Guachapala Canton, Province of Azuay. The sampling methods used depended on the nature of the sample taken, in the bodies of water the inside determination of the physical-chemical parameters (pH, Temperature and Color) was carried out, then these samples were packed and sent to the Elicrom Cia. Ltda. Laboratory located in Guayaquil, where they were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results obtained showed the presence of lead in the water samples, with a value of up to 0.0098 mg / L; in relation to metals such as arsenic, cadmium and mercury no presence was found. While in the sediment samples the results were more evident, with higher values of each metal: Arsenic 9.5211 mg / Kg; Cadmium 3.8115 mg/kg; Mercury 0.0047 mg/Kg and Lead 15.7298 mg/Kg. The statistical analysis of the results was carried out by the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test with IBM SPSS software to determine significant differences between the sampling points, and by a comparative analysis of the maximum permissible limits given in the current TULSMA regulations. The research carried out reflected the presence of heavy metals in sediments and water of the Mazar reservoir, this presence may be due to various factors including the presence of inorganic residues in the channels of the rivers upstream.
Caracterización y propuesta de tratamiento de aguas crudas para su comercialización como agua embotellada
(2017) Villa Gutiérrez, Carlos Fernando; Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth
The purpose of this research project is to evaluate the quality of raw water from the San Andrés natural spring located in the Hermano Miguel parish, by means of a physico-chemical and microbiological study in the samples collected from both the water body and the water system. income of the COMPROPUR DEL ASUTRO S.A company. For the study were taken 64 samples, considering the criteria for sample collection of the Ecuadorian standard NTE INEN 2169: 2013 and 2176: 2013, on Monday and Wednesday of each week respectively. The physical-chemical parameters that have been considered for quality assessment in raw water were: temperature, pH, turbidity, SDT, conductivity, color, total hardness, total alkalinity, nitrites, nitrates, sulphates, iron and cadmium; and the microbiological parameters were: total coliforms, fecal coliforms and mesophilic aerobes. The results obtained from the study revealed that criteria such as color, turbidity, nitrites, total coliforms, faecal coliforms and mesophilic aerobes do not comply with the requirements of the RTE INEN 055: 2011 and the NTE INEN 2200: 2008 norms. From the results, the necessary treatment proposal was made to condition the raw water and a DPO was prepared for it, which includes processes such as: coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation; filtration with sand, disinfection by chlorination; storage, filtration with activated carbon, finally disinfection by ozonation.
Cinética de fermentación láctica de col blanca (Brassica olerácea L. capitata)
(2020) Zúñiga García, Daniela Estefanía; Montaleza Auquilla, María Magdalena; Andrade Muñoz, Diana Jésus; León Vizñay, Jéssica Andrea; Ramírez Jimbo, Patricia Liliana; Criollo Ayala, Diana Alexandra; Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth; Loja, María; Andrade Tenesaca, Dolores Susana
This study examined the chemical kinetics of natural lactic fermentation of white cabbage (Brassica olerácea L.- capitata var.). First, the experimental design was developed and the optimal conditions (temperature, fermentation time and sea salt concentration) for the growth of lactic bacteria were defined. The optimal corresponds to a temperature of 25°C, a duration of 14 days and a sea salt content of 3%. The experiment was replicated in eleven bottles and the pH, the concentration of glucose, fructose, and lactic acid bacteria were determined. Second, the integral method was used to define the kinetics of the chemical reaction. For glucose, zero-order kinetics was set with a kinetic constant of 2x10-6 g/ml.min (correlation coefficient = 0.98), and showed that the reaction rate was independent of the glucose concentration. Regarding the fructose, the second-order kinetics was set with a constant of 1.45x10-2 ml/g.min (correlation coefficient = 0.98). The equation −𝑟𝑐6𝐻12𝑂6 = [ 0.0145 (C𝑐6𝐻12𝑂6) 2 ] g/ml.min represents the speed of sugar consumption in a natural lactic fermentation reaction of white cabbage. The modeling approach will help the fermenter to improve the fermenting design and enhance the production process.
Desarrollo de un plan para evaluación del sistema de filtración rápida de la Planta Potabilizadora de la Junta de Agua Potable de Bayas
(2016) Carangui Fernández, Diego Paúl; Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth
Plant Drinking Water Treatment of Bayas is a plant that supplies the basic drinking water to 1240 families is about 5000 people, this treatment plant is located in the northwest sector of the city of Azogues. This study entitled "Development of a plan for the evaluation of rapid filtration system of the water treatment plant of the board of drinking water of Bayas", aims to collect and analyze historical data of physical parameters to establish levels of efficiency removal, analyze daily flows data input, determine the factors that affect the filter bed to quickly Colmate. Also, evaluate filtration units using standardized procedures contained in the Manual III: Assessment of plants appropriate technology of the Pan American Center for Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Sciences (CEPIS), the tests performed were: speed and flow filtration, analysis of the quality of initial filtrate, duration of filter runs, expansion of the filter medium, duration of the washing process, washing speed, gradation filter bed thickness and mud balls of the filter medium.
Determinación de los parámetros óptimos de operación para la puesta en marcha de la Planta de Potabilización de Agua ubicada en Rudio perteneciente a la Parroquia Baños
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2021-02-22) Aguilar Ramírez, Rosa Jeannela; Zúñiga Delgado, Pamela Martina; Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth
It is important to provide water suitable for human consumption to the community, therefore and due to the increase in the population in the Baños parish, the direction of the Baños Potable Water Administration Board decided to build a new treatment plant in order to help supply of the vital liquid to the community, which must comply with the quality parameters established by the INEN 1108: 2020 standard, so in this investigation the optimal operating parameters for the start-up of the Water Treatment Plant are determined. water located in the Rudio sector belonging to the Baños Parish. To know the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of raw water, different analyzes were carried out such as: color tests, turbidity, dissolved solids, pH, fecal coliforms, total coliforms among others, in addition to the determination of the mentioned parameters and residual chlorine in the treated water, in the laboratory of the plant and therefore determine the optimal parameters for the process by means of tracer tests, jar tests, optimization of backwashing and settlers in the treatment plant of water. All these analyzes, calculations and pilot tests helped define the correct operation of the drinking water treatment plant since the results obtained in the tests carried out demonstrated compliance with the requirements of the INEN 1108: 2020 standard, as well as providing the operators of the plant, training so that they can perform their work activities correctly and the purification process is under operating conditions.
Diseño de un sistema de gestión de seguridad y salud ocupacional en el HG-III-DE
(2013) Bernal Quizhpe, Mercy Karina; García García, Ana Angélica; Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth
The current thesis shows the Design of an Occupational Safety and Health Management System for the Military Hospital. It includes the identification, assessment and prevention of occupational risks, as well as, techniques and suggested formats which will contribute to a better implementation of the system. The first and second chapters describe the general information of the company, fundamental concepts, legal basis and useful theoretical issues, that have contributed to the development of this work. The third, fourth and fifth chapters develop the current situation of the hospital regarding occupational safety and health, which forms the beginning to perform the qualitative risk identification and assessment by workstation, based on the Triple criteria Method. Then, this analysis is conglomerated by areas and the risk assessment is made through specific methods, which are:William Fine Method, measurements and estimations made by external organizations,OCRA Method,NIOSH equation, REBA method, a Test for evaluate the work with data display screen and an adapted questionnaire. Finally, it allows elaborating the occupational risk prevention by areas. The sixth chapter explains the development of the Occupational Safety and Health Management System, being based on the Deming cycle (better known as PDCA) and considering the aspects that it should have according to the current situation of the hospital. The last section presents the appropriate conclusions and recommendations which will allow to have an adequate implementation of the system in the HG-III-DE.
Diseño de una formulación de refrigerantes para motores a gasolina y diésel aplicando técnicas de diseño experimental
(2020-03-04) Patiño Bravo, Erick Adrián; Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth
This work is to design a gasoline and diesel engines coolants formulation, through the application of experimental design techniques. The CTC service company demands a coolant that can be efficient to the climatic conditions of our region, and also to be environmental friendly. For this purpose, the author has reduced the percentage of refrigerant base, and use organic acid technology inhibitors which possess a better performance and easily degraded after the end of the product life. To accomplish these objectives work has been developed according to ASTM international standards considering physical and chemical recommendations for coolants. Also the specifications of raw materials and experimental tests were considered. A single factor was used in the experimental design during the formulation. The independent factor was the proportion of cooling base and dependent factors were, the boiling point, foaming tendency, and pH. The proportion of coolant base was worked with 5 levels (1%, 5%, 15%, 25% and 40%); and two replications of the test were done. After reaching the results and performing the analysis, it was determined that the percentage of cooling base has a great influence on the boiling point and pH, and a medium influence on foam formation tendency. Likewise, the best refrigerants obtained were selected for light duty or gasoline engines, and for heavy duty or diesel engines.
Diseño del Sistema de Gestión de Salud y Seguridad en el Trabajo para la empresa Ego Zapatería
(2014) Merchán Ortiz, Ana Gabriela; Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth
This written work design a management system based on criteria, rules and outcomes of Health and Safety at Work and aims to provide a logical and systematic approach to evaluate and improve the results concerning to prevention incident and accidents, through effective management of risk factors identified in the workplace. This thesis seeks to address theoretical and practical components of the management system of health and safety and is based on “Modelo Ecuador” and Executive Order 2393: Safety and Health Regulations for Workers and Improvement of Working Environment The development of this paper begins with a brief description of what the company in order to become familiar with production processes in the footwear industry and to analyze the current situation of it. Later information was collected to develop the theoretical framework necessary to have clear concepts, definitions and terms used in health and safety at work. To develop the design of this system were taken into account the guidelines in four areas: Administrative Management, Technical Management, Human Resource Management and Operational Processes Basic.
Diseño y operación de un prototipo de sistema para tratamiento de aguas contaminadas a causa de procesos de teñido en Lavadora Artesanal Textil RV
(2016) Góngora Saavedra, Carol Dayana; Zapata Tapia, Thalia Elizabeth; Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth
This research aims to reduce the concentration of major pollutants in water discharge dyeing process is carried out in the textile craft business RV. It is therefore important to determine the quality of water based on the analysis parameters set forth in the present case study, which are based on various standards cited NTE INEN accordingly, all in order to obtain reliable results. Subsequently, based on the results, the design of a prototype system are done, to treat water contaminants are detected using various methods and chemical treatments in order to solve the problems in question.
Elaboración de un filtro cerámico como sistema de purificación de agua para el abastecimiento doméstico
(2005) Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth; Aviles Añazco, María Augusta; Peñaherrera Palacios, Sandra Catalina
Elaboración del reglamento de seguridad y salud en el trabajo para el centro de servicios de análisis de minerales metálicos no metálicos y técnicos cerámicos CESEMIN, de la Universidad de Cuenca
(2010) Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth; Duque Proaño, Gustavo
Estandarización de la planta de tratamiento de lodos generados por la planta potabilizadora de Tixán
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2021-05-05) Romero Ordóñez, Daniela Melissa; Ulloa Salamea, Ana Cristina; Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth
The sludge dewatering process includes operations such as decantation, thickening, preparation of the polyelectrolyte solution, flocculation and filtration with band filter, each one of them are essential in Tixán water treatment plant, therefore, the standardization of each one of the stages of the process is desired, previously performing an analysis of the data obtained from the process that is currently executed in the plant to make experimental tests, varying different parameters with the goal of determining the suitable conditions for sludge managing in the plant and in compliance with the current legal regulations (TULSMA) for effluent discharges to a fresh water body. This project analyzes factors that interfere in the results of sludge flocculation and dewatering, trough experimental tests such as: jug tests, sludge flow control, filtration tests to enhance the filtering operation (band filters) and to increase the sludge dewatering percentage in Tixán plant, this way the decrease of the microorganisms growth process will be achieved, for a better handling and possible reutilization of the sludge. Also verifying the suitable plant design to analyze possible mistakes on it if needed, to recommend changes or adjustments in the procedural manual that will be elaborated. Finally, a procedures manual will be delivered, and it will be documented inside the plant, for future process control.
Estudio experimental y simulación dinámica de la adsorción de Cd+2 y Pb+2 utilizando cáscara de cacao en columna de lecho fijo
(2022) Juela Quintuña, Diego Marcelo; Vera Cabezas, Luisa Mayra; Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth
The use of biomass as an adsorbent constitutes a potential alternative for the removal of heavy metals present in industrial wastewater, which represents a high risk for the environment. In this work, the adsorption of Pb+2 and Cd+2 was performed using the cocoa shell as adsorbent in columns, and the dynamic simulation of the process using the Aspen Adsorption® V10 software, in order to validate the simulation results and those obtained experimentally. The simulator and experimental rupture curves converge in almost the entire trajectory, with slight variations in the final stretch of the curve, with the rupture times coinciding for both metals, giving correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.984 and 0.998 for Pb+2 and Cd+2 respectively, as well as error values (SSE) less than 5%. The effect produced by the variation of the height of the bed and the flow rate in the rupture curves was analyzed, as the bed height increases and the flow rate decreases, the rupture time increases, favoring the adsorption of both metals. The results of this research show the importance of the use of Aspen Adsorption® software in the biosorption process, due to the similarity with experimental results, providing its use saving time and resources.
Evaluación de la calidad de agua del embalse Mazar, localizado entre las comunidades de Sacre y Chaullayacu
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-01-08) Ortiz Celleri, Ronmel Lenin; Vargas Herrera, Edisson Patricio; Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth
Water quality in reservoirs are of vital importance, as they serve not only as a source for feeding hydroelectric projects but also as water reservoirs for subsequent treatment, human consumption, and irrigation purposes. These reservoirs can suffer deterioration due to human activity, for which institutions and researchers have developed water quality indexes to determine the condition in which they actually are. The Water Quality Index (WQI) developed by the National Sanitation Foundation of the United States, in conjunction with Montoya's water quality index, that provides the main parameters to analyze when determining water quality. The objective of this study is to analyze the current condition of the Mazar reservoir through four samplings points planned, the samples were collected and analyzed every week for a period of four weeks, also the sampling points were georeferenced by means of a GPS application. The raw water samples were used for physicochemical and microbiological analyses based on INEN standards, in order to determine the water quality index (ICATEST) and evaluate the water quality of the reservoir. This assessment aimed to identify any significant variations in water quality, using the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test for each sampling point and the reservoir as a whole. Additionally, we compared our results with current regulations in Ecuador, as provided by TULSMA, to recommend improvement actions that would protect the water resource represented by the reservoir.
Evaluación de la calidad del agua de las microcuencas Rodeo, Campamento y Yabana en la parroquia Cumbe
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-10-15) Encalada Zumba, Jonnathan Adrian; Mogrovejo Nieves, José Luis; Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth
The objective of this project is to analyze and evaluate water quality in the Campamento, Rodeo and Yabana micro-watersheds, located in the Cumbe parish. The initiative arose in response to the problems faced by the parish's water treatment plant, which limits access to drinking water during extreme summer and winter periods. These problems have a negative impact on public health and the well-being of the community. The objective of this project is to identify the coordinates in the three micro-watersheds. Systematic sampling was carried out, according to INEN standards, over a period of six months, associated with the analysis of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. The data obtained were analyzed and represented in graphs illustrating the variation of certain parameters over time. These results made it possible to evaluate seasonal variability and water quality using the ICA-NSF and ICA-Dinius indices. The results show that, in Campamento, water quality remained in the “Good” range with slight seasonal variations. In Rodeo, the quality fluctuated from “Average” in February to “Good” in the following months. At Yabana, water quality remained in the “Good” range, with slight improvements. Water quality was affected by contamination from grazing during the drought; however, winter runoff contributed to its improvement.
Evaluación de la calidad del agua de los ríos Matadero, Llaviuco y Tomebamba mediante la aplicación de ICA-NSF
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-11-27) Molina Larrea, Christian David; Tinoco Ordóñez, José Luis; Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth
The Llaviuco, Matadero, and Tomebamba rivers, originating from Cajas National Park, are crucial water sources for the city of Cuenca, supplying water for purification and supporting recreational and agricultural activities. The increase in activities has raised concerns about their impact on water quality. For this reason, a water quality assessment was conducted using the NSF-WQI Water Quality Index, which includes physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters. These parameters are: temperature, turbidity, pH, total dissolved solids, nitrates, phosphates, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and fecal coliforms. The study was carried out over a two-month period, with analyses conducted at five sampling points along the three rivers. The results indicated that the water quality is generally good. The findings were compared with the limits established by the TULSMA regulation Annex 1, Table 1: Maximum permissible limits for water intended for human consumption and domestic use, which require only conventional treatment, and with previous studies. High levels of fecal coliforms were detected at sampling point 5 (Tomebamba River near Italpisos S.A.), exceeding permissible limits during the first two weeks of the study. When compared to previous studies, it was found that from point 5 onwards, this trend persists. However, the same studies confirmed that the water quality of the rivers has not shown significant changes over time.
Evaluación de la calidad del agua en los diferentes procesos de tratamiento para su potabilización en la Junta Administradora de Agua Potable regional Bayas- Azogues.”
(2017) Gutiérrez Sarmiento, Andrea Esperanza; Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth
The present work was developed in the ¨Junta Administradora de Agua Potable Regional Bayas¨; the methodological proposal was aimed at evaluating the water quality in the different treatment processes for its purification through physical-chemical analysis using the equipment HACH DR-890 colorimeter available at the plant and using volumetric techniques. The work began with a diagnostic of the current situation of plant to be able to observe all the material, equipment and reagents provided by the quality laboratory in the treatment plant with which the analysis of certain physical and chemical parameters by the operators. Then, the corresponding monitoring was carried out in the four catchments and in the different processes in the treatment plant, for which the amber and plastic glass bottles were adequately conditioned, the labels were made and the corresponding formats were made for the different shots The physical-chemical analysis was performed and the values obtained in the elaborated format were written. Subsequently, depending on the values obtained in each of the catchments and in each treatment process that the treatment plant has, the water quality was evaluated in order to know the state of the treatment plant and give recommendations to ensure quality water for all consumers who benefit from it. Finally a manual of procedures was elaborated for the determination of physical-chemical parameters for a qualified technician to continue with physical-chemical analysis to guarantee the quality of the water that reaches the consumers.
Evaluación de las deficiencias de macro y micro elementos en chirimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) variedad INIAP - Fabulosa, en hidroponía bajo invernadero
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2020-02-19) Loaiza Loayza, María Fernanda; Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth
In the present research project the deficiencies of macro and micro elements in cherimoya plants under greenhouse, using the methodology of Sarruge (1974) for the missing element; injectors were used with the one-year-old INIAP-Fabulous 2015 clone, which were transplanted, pruned and subsequently irrigated with the complete solution, thus ensuring the correct initial development. Twelve different treatments were applied (Complete, -N, -P, -K, -Ca, -Mg, -S, -B, -Fe, -Mn, -Zn, and a water-based control) with three repetitions each one. Variables such as: leaf size (equatorial and polar), leaf color, internode distance, stem diameter, plant height, chlorophyll level (SPAD), temperature (maximum and minimum) and a visual analysis of the deficiencies, which allowed to know the symptomatology of each plant when there is a lack of the element corresponding to each treatment, specifically, a monthly sample of the substrate of each plant was performed to know, by chemical analysis, the pH value and electrical conductivity in the mentioned substrate, which, in this case is pomina. Subsequently, 90 days after the application of the solution corresponding to each treatment, foliar analyzes were perfomed for the determination of nutrient extraction, using the semi-micro-kjeldahl method for nitrogen and wet digestion for the remaining elements, in addition to the measurement of leaf area and the determination of biomass of the aerial and radical part of the plant. The treatments with omission of Zn, Ca, N, B and Mg are those that have major problems in the development of the plant; in the variables that were best accentuated the nutritional deficiencies was in chlorophyll and roots
Evaluación del poder biosorbente de la hoja de maíz en la remoción de metales pesados
(2020) Astudillo Ochoa, Sonia Margoth; Castro Nube, Cecilia; Astudillo Zuñiga, Jorge Israel; Vera Cabezas, Luisa Mayra