Factores y característica del acoso escolar en adolescentes víctimas y agresores de educación básica superior

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors and characteristics of bullying in adolescent victims and aggressors of high school, the study was carried out with a transversal design of descriptive scope. It counted with the participation of 190 students of higher basic education of the Unidad Educativa República del Ecuador (Cuenc), whose ages were between 12 and 14 years. The questionnaire Cuestionario sobre Intimidación y Maltrato entre Iguales by Ortega, Mora-Ortega and Mora (1995) was used to collect data, which consists of 29 multiple-choice questions and an open question, which makes it easier to recognize the frequency of response by each participant's item. The instrument includes four items on sociodemographic data of the student and 26 items linked to: interactional patterns of violence in educational institutions, victims and aggressors identification, types, causes, scenarios and moments of bullying and who intervenes when bullying happens. Instrument’s validation in this study was carried out by expert judgment. The results obtained in this research indicate that there is an important percentage of bullying with a higher prevalence of direct harassment, as well as the characteristics of bullying, as maintenance over time and intentionality to cause harm, are present in students identified as victims and aggressors. In addition, there is evidence that factors such as age, sex, family and school environment affect the manifestation of bullying in different scenarios in the educational institution. Based on the results obtained, is possible to conclude that there is a possibility that the situation of harassment in the participants is normalizing both in the perception of victims and in that of the aggressors; because the school environment is perceived as favorable despite the fact that bullying exists.