Browsing by Author "Díaz Granda, Lourdes Elizabeth"

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Capacidad hospedante de tres especies de solanáceas de la sección lasiocarpa al nematodo agallador de la raíz meloidogyne incognita
(2023) Díaz Granda, Lourdes Elizabeth
Root knot nematode M. incognita is one of the most dangerous and common species affecting Solanaceae family, including the naranjilla crop (S. quitoense). The objective of this work was to evaluate three species of Solanaceas as hosts (S. sessiliflorum, S. hirtum and S. quitoense) for an isolated of M. incognita in greenhouse. Plants of three species were planted in pots and each plant was inoculated with 2500 eggs and second stage juveniles (J2). Host suitability was assessed 80 days after inoculation. Initial inoculum was obtained from infested roots of S. quitoense plants collected in commercial naranjilla orchards. A completely randomized experimental design was used. The variables evaluated at 80 days after inoculation were: gall index (GI), nematode reproduction factor (RF), dry weight of the foliar area, plant height and stem diameter. All species were galled, but S. sessiliflorum and S. hirtum showed the least number of root knots with values of 33.73 and 34.73. Both were classified as resistant / hypersensitive with reproduction factors of 0.94 and 0.85 (RF> 1) respectively, while S. quitoense was susceptible with a value of 1.56. In terms of foliage yield (dry weight), plant height and stem diameter, S. sessiliflorum and S. hirtum showed a tolerance response in relation to S. quitoense.
Caracterización pomológica y agromorfológica de chirimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.), existentes en el INIAP y Universidad de Cuenca
(2017) Duchi Albarracín, Maria Isabel; Díaz Granda, Lourdes Elizabeth
The cherimoya is native from the southern Andean region of Ecuador and northern Peru, has had great acceptance and consumption, given its exceptional characteristics. Unfortunately the crop has not been widely disseminated. This study aims to characterize pomologicaly accessions of cherimoya with the premise that there is at least an accession with desirable characteristics for productivity. And characterize agromorphologically one hundred plants in order to identify them. The research was carried out at the Experimental Station Austro (INIAP) located in canton Gualaceo using a desing of blocks at random (DBA) with ten replications and test significance of Tukey five percent and in the farm El Romeral (University of Cuenca) in canton Guachapala, using a desing by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis. Statistical analyzes were carried out in the SPSS software, using descriptors from Bioversity International and CHERLA, the pomological characterization had twenty nine qualitative and quantitative descriptors, the agromorphological characterization had sixty six qualitative and quantitative descriptors. The fruit at physiological maturity were collected to characterize pomologically. To characterize agromorphologically was collected four leaves, ten flowers and four fruits per tree. The characterization pomological identified four treatments (one, four, seven and ten) with relevant characteristics related to the quality of fruit. Agromorphological characterizations get components three and four clusters which differ in relation to the quality of fruit (weight and size of the fruit, ºBrix, pH, etc.).
Desarrollo del chamburo (Vasconcellea pubescens) durante los seis primeros meses de la etapa vegetativa con la aplicación de sustrato enriquecido, bajo cubierta plástica
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2021-06-28) Uyaguari Valverde, Diego Vinicio; Díaz Granda, Lourdes Elizabeth
Ecuador is a country with great floristic diversity that is home to endemic and native species between the most interesting species native is chamburo (Vasconcellea pubescens A. DC.), it is a considerable crop to recover the agrobiodiversity of agroecosystems on farms, and is even considered a promising crop with high expectations of industrialization. However, there is not much information on the optimal conditions for their reproduction and development, that could condition the species to extinction situations. Therefore, the objective of this research is to evaluate the development of V. pubescens A. DC. during the first six months of the vegetative stage, using substrates enriched with rock dust mixed with bokashi, under plastic cover. With the application of a random block design with factorial arrangement (2x3) and a chemical treatment, the results are based on continuous data from observations of plant development (plant height, stem diameter, root biomass, number of leaves, survival of leaves, leaf area, chlorophyll content and aerial biomass) and the properties of the substrates used (chemical and physical properties of the soil: pH, electrical conductivity, apparent density, field capacity and organic matter content). It was observed that the treatments of the bocashi and their mixtures with rock dust were more effective, being the treatment 6 bocashi with 78 g of rock dust, the one that obtained the best results for V pubescens.
Determinación de la eficiencia de cuatro niveles de flores polinizadas, utilizando dos métodos de polinización manual, en chirimoya (Annona cherimola Mill), Guachapala-Azuay-Ecuador
(2014) Andino Encalada, Francisco José; Díaz Granda, Lourdes Elizabeth
Chirimoyas originated in Ecuador, where it is valued for its exquisite flavor. However, its cultivation in the country remains neglected resulting in very low yields, poor fruit quality and lack of information about production systems. In countries like Spain, Perú and Chile, the cultivation of chirimoya has been improved by artificial pollination and control of the fruit quality. This work was oriented to establish optimal levels for artificial pollination of chirimoya flowers through two methods in 4 year old chirimoya trees under forced production. The proyect was conducted in Guachapala canton, in Azuay, in an orchard planted at a 4x1,5m spacing. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design in factorial arrangemente 3x2+1. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted in R and SPSS. Twenty five, fifty and seventy flowers per plant were pollinated either using and “insuflador” o a brush. Each experimental unit consisted in one tree with four replicates per treatment plus an unpollinated control. A total of 28 trees were used in the experiment. The variables measured were fruit number, fruit weight, and the relationship between relative humidity, temperature and pollination. Using the “insuflador” was better than the brush for pollination. The optimal number of flowers to pollinate was 50 flowers per tree. A high relative humidity in the morning and noon showed a negative correlation with the number of fruit set under our conditions.
Determinación de la eficiencia de enraizadores naturales y sintético sobre estacas de la parte apical y media de mora (Rubus glaucus B.), en Sinincay, Cuenca.
(2014) Chiqui Quito, Rosario Isabel; Verdugo Ojeda, Diana Cecilia; Díaz Granda, Lourdes Elizabeth
In Azuay Province, it is difficult to find a good quality blackberry seeding due to the low percentage of rooting and the lack of information about some characteristics to get cutting. This research work investigated on the determination of the efficiency of natural and synthetic rooting on cutting of the apical and central part of blackberry in Sinincay, Azuay. The treatments were: fruit tea, hormonagro and fresh pure cow manure and combined with boron and microorganisms. Small sticks were immerse in the treatments for 25 minutes. Five yolk small sticks were use, from which, two were buried in substratum 50% bocashi and 50% in regular land. The statistical analysis showed that the apical and central part have the same answer on the rooting. The best treatments were the fruit tea and hormonagro. The presence of macro and micronutrients on the prepared bios and the presence of gibberellins and auxins were determined. The production costs by liter were 0, 27 for tea, 1, 08 for fresh cow manure, 1, 29 for fresh cow manure with boron, 0, 63 for fresh cow manure with microorganisms and 2, 93 for hormonagro. It was conclude that the best rooting is fruit tea and the cutting of the apical and central part have the same capacity of rooting.
Efecto del Ácido Naftalenacético (ANA) y la Bencilaminopurina (BAP) en el desarrollo de micro-esquejes de tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum Cav.) in vitro
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2023-03-24) Villa Villa, Marcia Fernanda; Díaz Granda, Lourdes Elizabeth
Tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.) is a fruit tree of commercial importance in Ecuador, especially in the provinces of the Ecuadorian highlands. Propagation is carried out by traditional methods, which generates inconveniences in the development and production of the plant. It allows looking for efficient methods to obtain healthy plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Naftaleneacetic acid (NAA) and Benzylaminopurine (BAP) on the development of micro-scions of tree tomatoes (Solanum betaceum Cav.) in vitro. For this, young plants were selected, and nine treatments were applied, which were T1= 0 ppm ANA+0 ppm BAP, T2= 0 ppm ANA+0.25 ppm BAP, T3= 0.5 ppm ANA+0 ppm BAP, T4= 0.25 ppm ANA+0.13 ppm BAP, T5= 0.5 ppm ANA+0. 25 ppm BAP, T6= 0.75 ppm ANA+0.38 ppm BAP, T7= 0.13 ppm ANA+0.25 ppm BAP, T8= 0.25 ppm ANA+0.5 ppm BAP and T9= 0.38 ppm ANA+0.75 ppm BAP, on Phytamax 75% culture medium and solidified with 7.5 g/L agaragar. The experimental unit consisted of a micro-shoot to which one treatment was applied. The variables to be measured were leaf number, root length (mm), shoot length (mm) during the 90 days, shoot and root biomass at 90 days. In addition, micro-shoot thickening was recorded for each treatment. The variables shoot length and number of leaves were used for data analysis. Treatment two with 0.5 ppm BAP favored shoot length (4.5 mm), in contrast to the ANA+BAP combination that promoted 60% shoot thickening without the presence of shoots.
Estado actual del uso de marcadores moleculares en el diagnóstico y control genético de enfermedades de naranjilla
(2021) Castro Quezada, Patricio Salvador; Belesaca Morocho, Ivan Robalino; Díaz Granda, Lourdes Elizabeth
Naranjilla or lulo (Solanum quitoense) is an important native fruit crop to northwestern South America. It is planted mainly in Colombia and Ecuador and is increasingly in demand worldwide. However, it is very susceptible to attack by pests and diseases. In Ecuador, the main pathogens that attack naranjilla are Fusarium oxysporum and Meloidogyne incognita. In addition, a virus of the Tymoviridae family has been detected, which was called Naranjilla chlorotic mosaic virus (NarCMV) and a viru that causes mosaic that has been called Naranjilla mild mosaic virus (NarMMV). Presence of these pathogens has been detected in using different molecular techniques. This report presents the current status in the use of molecular markers, both in diagnosis of diseases and in detection of information related to resistance in naranjilla crop.
Estado actual del uso de marcadores moleculares en el diagnóstico y control genético de enfermedades del tomate de árbol
(2020) Castro Quezada, Patricio Salvador; Palacios Valdiviezo, Manuel Alfonso; Díaz Granda, Lourdes Elizabeth
Tree tomato is a crop of Andean origin. This is cultivated mainly in South America and it is increasingly in demand worldwide. However, it is a crop very susceptible to pests and diseases. There are currently improvement programs to obtain resistant cultivars that include wild species for introgression of features of interest such as disease resistance and improvement of fruit quality in commercial plantations. However, although some segregators of the crosses made have shown resistance in field conditions, the information available regarding molecular markers useful in the interactions of this crop with its main pathogens is scarce. In Ecuador, the main pathogens that attack tree tomatoes are Colletotrichum sp., Meloidogyne sp. and virus species classified in six genera: Potyvirus, Cucumovirus, Tospovirus, Tobamovirus, Potexvirus and Polerovirus. The presence of these pathogens has been detected with the use of different molecular techniques. This report presents the current status in the use of molecule markers, both in the diagnosis of diseases, and in the detection of resistance-related information.
Estudio de impacto ambiental producido en la granja agrícola "El Romeral"
(2010) Díaz Granda, Lourdes Elizabeth; Neira Armas, Einsenhower
Evaluación de parámetros microclimáticos en condiciones automatizadas en el cultivo de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) bajo invernadero
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2021-11-25) Villavicencio Flores, Luis Miguel; Zhumi Guiracocha, Edgar Rafael; Díaz Granda, Lourdes Elizabeth
Currently greenhouses generate control of the environment where plants grow. They are used to increase the quality and yield of plantations in locations that have short growing seasons, or adverse lighting conditions due to their geographic location, improving food production. However, the lack of technification represents a decrease in production, an inappropriate microclimate is formed, causing stress in the plants. The microclimate inside a greenhouse must be controlled to guarantee good production, these factors directly affect the development of the crop in different phenological phases. The objective of this project is the evaluation of microclimatic parameters under a greenhouse, using a semi-automated module in a kidney tomato crop. The fluctuation of temperature and relative humidity was also evaluated, the influence of sensors and controllers on the agronomic aspects of the crop. For the evaluation, 2 treatments and a control were carried out, for the first a semi-automated module system (sensors and actuators) was used inside the greenhouse, the second with a module (sensors) and conventional handling and finally a module (sensors) was placed control in the external part of the greenhouse, later the data were evaluated by descriptive statistics due to the nature of the project. The use of the semi-automated system proved to have a control over the greenhouse microclimate, it presented statistical differences, with a p-value <0.0001 with a monthly average temperature of 31.23 ºC against the conventional system 37.66 ºC, average humidity of 53.05%, compared to the conventional system 76.60%. Regarding agronomic aspects, the semi-automated system had a positive influence, resulting in a plant height with an average of 87.66 cm, different from the conventional system with an average of 75.27 cm. Technification in crops helps to improve the quality and quantity of production.
Evaluación del potencial de rendimiento de accesiones de papas nativas tardías con fertilización química en Honorato Vásquez
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2023-10-31) Ortiz Molina, José Efraín; Patiño Fernández, Cinthia Lizeth; Díaz Granda, Lourdes Elizabeth
The present research aimed to assess the yield potential of five late-native potato accessions (Solanum tuberosum L.) under the influence of different levels of chemical fertilization. To achieve this, an experimental methodology was employed, utilizing a bifactorial design. Five late-native potato accessions were used, namely Suscaleña Blanca (V1. AMMM-24), Suscaleña Morada (V2. MM-70), Jubaleña (V3. AMCC-032), Bolona Amarilla (V4. AMHLMM-13), and Super Chola (V5. CONTROL). The results revealed that during the vegetative stage, the number of emerged potato plants, the percentage of emergence, and the number of days until 50% flowering showed variations among the potato varieties analyzed. Meanwhile, during the harvest stage, the number of harvested potato plants, as well as the weight of both commercial and seed potatoes, were influenced by the type of fertilization and the potato variety. Furthermore, the highest yield was obtained with the treatment of Suscaleña Blanca and 100% chemical fertilization, with a value of 55.44 t/ha. Finally, it was determined that the highest Cost-Benefit (C/B) ratio was associated with treatment F2V2 (Suscaleña Morada and 75% chemical fertilization) with a value of 1.88, followed by F3V4 (Bolona Amarilla and 50% chemical fertilization) with a value of 1.72.
Evaluación del prendimiento de tres tipos de injerto en Prunus persica (durazno) en el Cantón Paute
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2025-08-05) López Bayolima, Adriana del Cisne; Parra Vásquez, Karen Marisol; Díaz Granda, Lourdes Elizabeth
The peach (Prunus persica) is a fruit species of great global importance, valued for its organoleptic properties. In Ecuador, the province of Azuay, especially the area of Paute, stands out as a key production region, constituting an important source of income for farmers. However, the production of this fruit has not been optimally enhanced due to limitations such as low productivity and deficiencies in management practices, leading to a reliance on imports from countries like Chile and Peru. In response to this situation, the present project was carried out in the canton of Paute, Zhumir sector, with the objective of evaluating the graft take rate of three types of grafts (English, side veneer, and cleft grafting) on peach plants, using the Criollo variety as rootstock and the Conservero Amarillo variety as grafting material. The variables evaluated were: graft take rate at 30 days, shoot diameter, shoot height, and number of leaves at 90 days after the grafting process. The experimental design used was a Randomized Block Design (RBD), with 3 treatments and 3 replications. Although no statistically significant differences were found, the results indicated that the cleft graft showed the highest take rate at 90% after 30 days, with an average shoot diameter of 2.27 mm, height of 29.4 cm, and 20 leaves per shoot. For this reason, this grafting method is the most effective and suitable option for its application in peach rootstocks in the Zhumir sector, Paute.
Evaluación del rendimiento de cinco variedades de papas nativas precoces (Solanum tuberosum L.) bajo la aplicación de diferentes niveles de fertilización química, Cantón El Pan-Azuay
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2022-12-20) Chocho Piscocama, Luis Rubén; Pintado Muy, Manuel Andrés; Díaz Granda, Lourdes Elizabeth
In Ecuador, potato cultivation is one of the most important items of the production systems of the Ecuadorian highlands, it constitutes an important source of food, in addition to being the main source of economic income for the peasant family. For this reason, in the present work, the yield of five varieties of early native potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) was evaluated under the influence of different levels of chemical fertilization, where four varieties of early native potatoes plus a local control were evaluated, under the influence of influence of three chemical fertilization levels (F1 100%; F2 75%; F3 50%). A split plot design with completely randomized blocks (DBA) was used in a factorial arrangement (3x5), with 15 treatments, which comes from the combination of three types of fertilization (F1, F2, F3) and four varieties of early native potatoes. plus, a chaucha type control (V1, V2, V3, V4, V5), with three repetitions, total 45 experimental units (UE). Among the fertilizers used are 18-46-00 (DAP), 00-00-60 (KCl) and urea, of which the first was used in its entirety and 50% of 00-00-60 (KCl) at time of planting, and the urea was applied in its entirety as well as the rest of the 00-00-60 (KCl) in the hilling. From the results obtained for yield and the statistical analysis carried out, for factor A (Fertilization) there were no statistically significant differences, while factor B (Varieties) did present significant differences, and for the interaction (AB) there were statistical differences for the variable yield per hectare (t/ha). Tukey's test at 5% for factor B (Varieties) placed the Carrizo variety (V4) as the one with the highest yield with 34.28 t/ha. Regarding the benefit/cost ratio of the evaluated treatments, it was shown that the T5 (F1V5) treatment corresponding to the Witness variety with 100% fertilization had a higher benefit/cost ratio with values of 1.71 USD/ha, and concluding that for every dollar invested, 0.71 cents are recovered. Keywords: Fertilizers
Evaluación del rendimiento de la fresa (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) vars. Monterrey y Albión frente a diferentes concentraciones de Biol MM, en el cantón Cuenca
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2024-03-19) Aucay Chunchi, Luis Miguel; Ortega Coronel, Christian Daniel; Díaz Granda, Lourdes Elizabeth
In Ecuador, strawberry cultivation (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) has experienced a resurgence due to its profitability as a highly accepted fruit and its importance as a source of income for rural families. Therefore, efforts have been made to optimize fertilization as a means to enhance production. In this context, the present study focused on evaluating the performance of two strawberry varieties, Albion and Monterrey (V1 and V2), in response to different doses of Biol MM (0% as the control, 25%, 35%, 45%, 55%), combined with Humic Acids. An experimental design of randomized complete blocks (RCB) in a 2x5 factorial arrangement was implemented, with four replications. Applications of the biofertilizers Biol MM and Humic Acids were carried out weekly from planting to the final harvest. The results revealed that the Monterrey variety significantly outperformed the Albion variety in terms of fruit weight, as well as the variable of fruit number, especially at the 45% Biol MM dose. On the other hand, concerning the Brix Degrees variable, the Albion variety demonstrated better performance at the 55% dose, also with significant differences. These findings conclusively demonstrate that the influence of the biofertilizers used in this project had a positive impact on strawberry cultivation, significantly improving its yield.
Factores fetales asociados a prematuridad
(2020) Diaz Granda, Ruth Cumanda; Díaz Granda, Lourdes Elizabeth
Objective: to identify fetal factors associated with prematurity in the Vicente Corral Hospital of Cuenca-Ecuador in the 2016-2017 period. Materials and methods: a case-control study was designed, with double contrasts, using two controls of equal postnatal age and sex per each case. From a homogeneous population of infants less than one week of age born at the Vicente Corral Hospital in Cuenca-Ecuador in the period 2016-2017, a sample of 160 cases and 320 controls was obtained. A descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was performed, to establish the statistical association, OR, 95% CI and statistical significance with p-value <0,05 were used. Results: in the case group, they were 75,0% late premature and in the control group, they were 62,5% born full term. The prematurity was associated with: twinning OR=7,36; 95% CI=2,61-20,74; p=0,000. History of premature bother OR=2,96; 95% CI=1,61-5,44; p=0,000. Birth weight lower than the 10th percentile OR=1,66; 95% CI=1,01-2,75; p=0,048. The factors that were not associated with prematurity were: sex χ²=0,100; p-value=0,752. Major congenital malformations OR=2,02; 95% CI=0,40-10,12; p=0,405. Conclusions: In the present study, late preterm predominated in the case group and full term born in the control group. Fetal factors truly associated with prematurity were: twinness, the history of preterm born sibling and birth weight less than the 10th percentile; neonate sex and major congenital malformations were not associated with prematurity.
Planificación del microcurriculo para la cátedra de microbiología
(2009) Díaz Granda, Lourdes Elizabeth; Neira Armas, Einsenhower
Regeneración de árboles en ecosistemas naturales y plantaciones de Pinus patula (Pinaceae) dentro de un gradiente altitudinal andino (Azuay, Ecuador)
(2019) Jadán Maza, Ángel Oswaldo; Cedillo Tapia, Hugo Alberto; Zea Dávila, Pedro René; Bermúdez, Fernando Gerardo; Díaz Granda, Lourdes Elizabeth; Pillacela Chin, Jenny Priscila; Guallpa Tenemaza, Dario Javier; Gordillo Lema, Nely Alexandra; Arciniegas Fárez, Andrés Eduardo; Vaca Vaca, Carlos Miguel; Quizhpe Coronel, Wilson
Andean forests and paramo have high species richness, but constantly they are threatened by deforestation. Natural arboreal regeneration of these ecosystems will condition their structure and functionality in the future, but now it has been poorly evaluated. In the Andes of Southern Ecuador, there are also abandoned Pinus patula (pine) forest plantations, which could be scenarios to promote natural regeneration. In an Andean altitudinal gradient, we evaluated floristically parameters of tree regeneration between two study scenarios: natural ecosystems (herbaceous paramos and natural forests) and pine plantations. For this, the diversity of regeneration was described by species richness, Shannon index and floristic composi-tion. Abundance with the number of individuals; these parameters were compared between two scenarios. We determined also that environmental variables or predictors of: canopy cover, soil, tree structure, horizontal dis-tance and physiographic explained the variation in the parameters of regeneration with greater magnitude. For this, a partition analysis of the variation was carried out. Richness and diversity of species were greater in natural ecosystems, whereas floristic composition was different and its abundance was similar. In natural ecosystems, basal area and tree density explained mainly the variation in wealth, diversity and abundance. Not so in pine plantations where horizontal distance to the native forests was the predictor that mostly explained. The greatest diversity of regeneration in natural ecosystems (forests) is associated with the existence of arboreal, shrub and seed biotypes. It is adding to this, efficiency in dispersion processes at the micro-habitat level. These aspects are limiting in plantations of pine, in which the dispersion or availability of seeds depends on the proximity to natural ecosystems
Validación de curvas antropométricas de crecimiento intrauterino: Hospital Vicente Corral, Cuenca, Ecuador, 2013
(Universidad de Cuenca, 2016-06) Díaz Granda, Lourdes Elizabeth; Díaz Granda, Ruth Cumanda
cross-sectional study was conducted at the Vicente Corral Hospital of Cuenca (Ecuador) in February-August 2013 to assess the intrauterine growth curves according to the Latin American Center for Perinatal Care (CLAP), Olsen, Alarcon-Pittaluga, Battaglia-Lubchenco, Babson-Benda with the objective of identifying the most appropriate anthropometric pattern of fetal growth for the classification of newborns until Ecuador possesses its own patterns. The sample was composed of newborns whose mothers were under age 21. The inclusion criteria were children born alive, with gestational age between 22 and 42 weeks, meeting all anthropometric measures. Children with congenital malformations were disregarded. The sensitivity, specificity and Cohen kappa index of the studied anthropometric curves as weight, height, head circumference and sex of the newborn were evaluated. The curves of CLAP (36.6 to 43.5%) and Olsen’s (37 to 40.9%) identified similar percentages of PEG. Babson-Benda curves detected very few PEG (1.3-2.8%). For the variable weight: Olsen’s curves showed good sensitivity (81.8-97.6%), very good specificity (91.8-97.5%) and kappa index (0.807-0.873). The Alarcon-Pittaluga curve showed very good sensitivity (98.2-99.5%); goodspecificity (74.9-77.9%) and kappa index (0.707-0.717). The Battaglia-Lubchenco curve showed low sensitivity (40.0-42.8%), very good specificity (99.3-100.0%) and moderate kappa index (0.449-458). Babson-Benda curve presented very low sensitivity (3.5-6.4%), very good specificity (100.0%) and poor kappa index (0.044-0.072). In summary, the anthropometric Olsen’s curves seem to be most adequate and recommended to be used as standard until Ecuador possesses its own curves. It is recommended neither to use the Babson-Benda nor the Battaglia-Lubchenco curves.